Abboud SE, Wolansky LJ, Manjila SV, Lo SS, Arafah BM, Selman WR, Couce ME, Rogers LR (2015) Histologically proven radiation-induced brainstem Glioma 93 months after external beam radiotherapy for pituitary macroadenoma: radiation treatment dose and volume correlation. J Neuroimaging 25:674–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12181
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alexandrov LB, Jones PH, Wedge DC, Sale JE, Campbell PJ, Nik-Zainal S, Stratton MR (2015) Clock-like mutational processes in human somatic cells. Nat Genet 47:1402–1407. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3441
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, Aparicio SA, Behjati S, Biankin AV, Bignell GR, Bolli N, Borg A, Borresen-Dale AL et al (2013) Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer. Nature 500:415–421. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12477
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Armstrong GT, Stovall M, Robison LL (2010) Long-term effects of radiation exposure among adult survivors of childhood cancer: results from the childhood cancer survivor study. Radiat Res 174:840–850. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR1903.1
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Behjati S, Gundem G, Wedge DC, Roberts ND, Tarpey PS, Cooke SL, Van Loo P, Alexandrov LB, Ramakrishna M, Davies H, et al (2016) Mutational signatures of ionizing radiation in second malignancies. Nat Commun 7: 12605 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12605
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bender S, Tang Y, Lindroth AM, Hovestadt V, Jones DT, Kool M, Zapatka M, Northcott PA, Sturm D, Wang W et al (2013) Reduced H3K27me3 and DNA hypomethylation are major drivers of Gene Expr in K27M mutant pediatric high-grade gliomas. Cancer Cell 24:660–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.006
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brennan CW, Verhaak RG, McKenna A, Campos B, Noushmehr H, Salama SR, Zheng S, Chakravarty D, Sanborn JZ, Berman SH et al (2013) The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma. Cell 155:462–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.034
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Broniscer A, Baker JN, Baker SJ, Chi SN, Geyer JR, Morris EB, Gajjar A (2010) Prospective collection of tissue samples at autopsy in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Cancer 116:4632–4637. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25405
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Broniscer A, Ke W, Fuller CE, Wu J, Gajjar A, Kun LE (2004) Second neoplasms in pediatric patients with primary central nervous system tumors: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience. Cancer 100:2246–2252. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20253
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castel D, Philippe C, Calmon R, Le Dret L, Truffaux N, Boddaert N, Pages M, Taylor KR, Saulnier P, Lacroix L et al (2015) Histone H3F3A and HIST1H3B K27M mutations define two subgroups of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas with different prognosis and phenotypes. Acta Neuropathol 130:815–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1478-0
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chung CS, Yock TI, Nelson K, Xu Y, Keating NL, Tarbell NJ (2013) Incidence of second malignancies among patients treated with proton versus photon radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 87:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.04.030
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cooney T, Lane A, Bartels U, Bouffet E, Goldman S, Leary SES, Foreman NK, Packer RJ, Broniscer A, Minturn JE et al (2017) Contemporary survival endpoints: an international diffuse intrinsic Pontine Glioma registry study. Neuro Oncol 19:1279–1280. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox107
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Donson AM, Erwin NS, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Madden JR, Addo-Yobo SO, Foreman NK (2007) Unique molecular characteristics of radiation-induced glioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 66:740–749. https://doi.org/10.1097/nen.0b013e3181257190
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fossati P, Ricardi U, Orecchia R (2009) Pediatric medulloblastoma: toxicity of current treatment and potential role of protontherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 35:79–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.09.002
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman DL, Whitton J, Leisenring W, Mertens AC, Hammond S, Stovall M, Donaldson SS, Meadows AT, Robison LL, Neglia JP (2010) Subsequent neoplasms in 5-year survivors of childhood cancer: the childhood Cancer survivor study. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:1083–1095. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djq238
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fu W, O'Connor TD, Jun G, Kang HM, Abecasis G, Leal SM, Gabriel S, Rieder MJ, Altshuler D, Shendure J et al (2013) Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants. Nature 493:216–220. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11690
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fuller GN, Kaba SE, Ginsberg LE, McCutcheon IE, Langford LA (1997) Late sequelae of treated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: malignant brain stem astrocytoma occurring 15 years after radiation therapy. J Neuro-Oncol 32:57–61
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Genomes Project C, Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, Hurles ME, McVean GA (2010) A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing. Nature 467:1061–1073. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09534
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Goldstein AM, Yuen J, Tucker MA (1997) Second cancers after medulloblastoma: population-based results from the United States and Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 8:865–871
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoffman LM, Veldhuijzen van Zanten SEM, Colditz N, Baugh J, Chaney B, Hoffmann M, Lane A, Fuller C, Miles L, Hawkins C et al (2018) Clinical, radiologic, pathologic, and molecular characteristics of long-term survivors of diffuse intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG): a collaborative report from the international and European Society for Pediatric Oncology DIPG registries. J Clin Oncol 36:1963–1972. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.75.9308
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Kang JS, Lillehei KO (2006) The burden of radiation-induced central nervous system tumors: a single institution s experience. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 65:204–216. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jnen.0000205146.62081.29
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Le DT, Durham JN, Smith KN, Wang H, Bartlett BR, Aulakh LK, Lu S, Kemberling H, Wilt C, Luber BS et al (2017) Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Sci 357:409–413. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6733
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mackay A, Burford A, Carvalho D, Izquierdo E, Fazal-Salom J, Taylor KR, Bjerke L, Clarke M, Vinci M, Nandhabalan M et al (2017) Integrated Molecular Meta-Analysis of 1,000 Pediatric High-Grade and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Cancer Cell 32:520–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.017 e525
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Merchant TE, Kun LE, Krasin MJ, Wallace D, Chintagumpala MM, Woo SY, Ashley DM, Sexton M, Kellie SJ, Ahern V et al (2008) Multi-institution prospective trial of reduced-dose craniospinal irradiation (23.4 Gy) followed by conformal posterior fossa (36 Gy) and primary site irradiation (55.8 Gy) and dose-intensive chemotherapy for average-risk medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:782–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.2342
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Michalski JM, Janss A, Vezina G, Gajjar A, Pollack I, Merchant TE, FitzGerald TJ, Booth T, Tarbell NJ, Li Y et al (2016) Results of COG ACNS0331: a phase III trial of involved-field radiotherapy (IFRT) and low dose Craniospinal irradiation (LD-CSI) with chemotherapy in average-risk Medulloblastoma: a report from the Children's oncology group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 96:937–938
Article
Google Scholar
Mody RJ, Wu YM, Lonigro RJ, Cao X, Roychowdhury S, Vats P, Frank KM, Prensner JR, Asangani I, Palanisamy N et al (2015) Integrative Clinical Sequencing in the Management of Refractory or Relapsed Cancer in Youth. Jama 314:913–925. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.10080
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mohammad F, Weissmann S, Leblanc B, Pandey DP, Hojfeldt JW, Comet I, Zheng C, Johansen JV, Rapin N, Porse BT et al (2017) EZH2 is a potential therapeutic target for H3K27M-mutant pediatric gliomas. Nat Med 23:483–492. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4293
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neglia JP, Robison LL, Stovall M, Liu Y, Packer RJ, Hammond S, Yasui Y, Kasper CE, Mertens AC, Donaldson SS et al (2006) New primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood Cancer survivor study. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1528–1537. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djj411
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ning MS, Perkins SM, Dewees T, Shinohara ET (2015) Evidence of high mortality in long term survivors of childhood medulloblastoma. J Neuro-Oncol 122:321–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-014-1712-y
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Packer RJ, Goldwein J, Nicholson HS, Vezina LG, Allen JC, Ris MD, Muraszko K, Rorke LB, Wara WM, Cohen BH et al (1999) Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: A Children's Cancer Group Study. J Clin Oncol 17:2127–2136. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.7.2127
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar A (2013) Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Children's oncology group trial A9961. Neuro-Oncology 15:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nos267
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pettorini BL, Park YS, Caldarelli M, Massimi L, Tamburrini G, Di Rocco C (2008) Radiation-induced brain tumours after central nervous system irradiation in childhood: a review. Childs Nerv Syst 24:793–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-008-0631-7
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Phi JH, Park AK, Lee S, Choi SA, Baek IP, Kim P, Kim EH, Park HC, Kim BC, Bhak J et al (2018) Genomic analysis reveals secondary glioblastoma after radiotherapy in a subset of recurrent medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 35(6):939–953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-018-1845-8
Rechner LA, Howell RM, Zhang R, Newhauser WD (2012) Impact of margin size on the predicted risk of radiogenic second cancers following proton arc therapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer. Phys Med Biol 57:N469–N479. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/23/N469
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosenthal R, McGranahan N, Herrero J, Taylor BS, Swanton C (2016) DeconstructSigs: delineating mutational processes in single tumors distinguishes DNA repair deficiencies and patterns of carcinoma evolution. Genome Biol 17:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-016-0893-4
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sabel M, Fleischhack G, Tippelt S, Gustafsson G, Doz F, Kortmann R, Massimino M, Navajas A, von Hoff K, Rutkowski S et al (2016) Relapse patterns and outcome after relapse in standard risk medulloblastoma: a report from the HIT-SIOP-PNET4 study. J Neurooncol 129:515–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-016-2202-1
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stromberg U (1994) A distinction between cumulative incidence and risk as measures of disease occurrence. Int J Epidemiol 23:1104–1105
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Taylor AJ, Little MP, Winter DL, Sugden E, Ellison DW, Stiller CA, Stovall M, Frobisher C, Lancashire ER, Reulen RC et al (2010) Population-based risks of CNS tumors in survivors of childhood cancer: the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 28:5287–5293. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.27.0090
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsui K, Gajjar A, Li C, Srivastava D, Broniscer A, Wetmore C, Kun LE, Merchant TE, Ellison DW, Orr BA et al (2015) Subsequent neoplasms in survivors of childhood central nervous system tumors: risk after modern multimodal therapy. Neuro Oncol 17:448–456. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nou279
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Venneti S, Garimella MT, Sullivan LM, Martinez D, Huse JT, Heguy A, Santi M, Thompson CB, Judkins AR (2013) Evaluation of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and enhancer of zest 2 (EZH2) in pediatric glial and glioneuronal tumors shows decreased H3K27me3 in H3F3A K27M mutant glioblastomas. Brain Pathol 23:558–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12042
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Venneti S, Santi M, Felicella MM, Yarilin D, Phillips JJ, Sullivan LM, Martinez D, Perry A, Lewis PW, Thompson CB et al (2014) A sensitive and specific histopathologic prognostic marker for H3F3A K27M mutant pediatric glioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 128:743–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-014-1338-3
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
von Hoff K, Hinkes B, Gerber NU, Deinlein F, Mittler U, Urban C, Benesch M, Warmuth-Metz M, Soerensen N, Zwiener I et al (2009) Long-term outcome and clinical prognostic factors in children with medulloblastoma treated in the prospective randomised multicentre trial HIT'91. Eur J Cancer 45:1209–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2009.01.015
Article
Google Scholar
Wolden SL, Dunkel IJ, Souweidane MM, Happersett L, Khakoo Y, Schupak K, Lyden D, Leibel SA (2003) Patterns of failure using a conformal radiation therapy tumor bed boost for medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 21:3079–3083. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.11.140
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wu G, Diaz AK, Paugh BS, Rankin SL, Ju B, Li Y, Zhu X, Qu C, Chen X, Zhang J et al (2014) The genomic landscape of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and pediatric non-brainstem high-grade glioma. Nat Genet 46:444–450. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2938
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yock TI, Yeap BY, Ebb DH, Weyman E, Eaton BR, Sherry NA, Jones RM, MacDonald SM, Pulsifer MB, Lavally B et al (2016) Long-term toxic effects of proton radiotherapy for paediatric medulloblastoma: a phase 2 single-arm study. Lancet Oncol 17:287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00167-9
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
You SH, Lyu CJ, Kim DS, Suh CO (2013) Second primary brain tumors following cranial irradiation for pediatric solid brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 29:1865–1870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-013-2098-4
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar