Detwiler LA (1992) Scrapie. Rev Sci Tech 11:491–537
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown P, Bradley R (1998) 1755 and all that: a historical primer of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. BMJ 317:1688–1692
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wells GA, Scott AC, Johnson CT, Gunning RF, Hancock RD, Jeffrey M, Dawson M, Bradley R (1987) A novel progressive spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Vet Rec 121:419–420
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Collinge J, Sidle KC, Meads J, Ironside J, Hill AF (1996) Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of ‘new variant’ CJD. Nature 383:685–690
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bruce ME, Will RG, Ironside JW, McConnell I, Drummond D, Suttie A, McCardle L, Chree A, Hope J, Birkett C, Cousens S, Fraser H, Bostock CJ (1997) Transmissions to mice indicate that ‘new variant’ CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature 389:498–501
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hill AF, Desbruslais M, Joiner S, Sidle KCL, Gowland I, Collinge J, Doey LJ, Lantos P (1997) The same prion strain causes vCJD and BSE. Nature 389:448–450
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilesmith JW, Wells GA, Cranwell MP, Ryan JB (1988) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies. Vet Rec 123:638–644
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith PG, Bradley R (2003) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its epidemiology. Br Med Bull 66:185–198
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Atkinson MJ (1991) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: epidemiological studies on the origin. Vet Rec 128:199–203
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Foster JD, Parnham D, Chong A, Goldmann W, Hunter N (2001) Clinical signs, histopathology and genetics of experimental transmission of BSE and natural scrapie to sheep and goats. Vet Rec 148:165–171
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Konold T, Bone G, Vidal-Diez A, Tortosa R, Davis A, Dexter G, Hill P, Jeffrey M, Simmons MM, Chaplin MJ, Bellworthy SJ, Berthelin-Baker C (2008) Pruritus is a common feature in sheep infected with the BSE agent. BMC Vet Res 4:16
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baron TG, Madec JY, Calavas D, Richard Y, Barillet F (2000) Comparison of French natural scrapie isolates with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and experimental scrapie infected sheep. Neurosci Lett 284:175–178
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jeffrey M, Martin S, Gonzalez L, Ryder SJ, Bellworthy SJ, Jackman R (2001) Differential diagnosis of infections with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie agents in sheep. J Comp Pathol 125:271–284
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stack MJ, Chaplin MJ, Clark J (2002) Differentiation of prion protein glycoforms from naturally occurring sheep scrapie, sheep-passaged scrapie strains (CH1641 and SSBP1), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases and Romney and Cheviot breed sheep experimentally inoculated with BSE using two monoclonal antibodies. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 104:279–286
CAS
Google Scholar
Jeffrey M, Gonzalez L, Chong A, Foster J, Goldmann W, Hunter N, Martin S (2006) Ovine infection with the agents of scrapie (CH1641 isolate) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy: immunochemical similarities can be resolved by immunohistochemistry. J Comp Pathol 134:17–29
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beck KE, Chaplin M, Stack M, Sallis RE, Simonini S, Lockey R, Spiropoulos J (2010) Lesion profiling at primary isolation in RIII mice is insufficient in distinguishing BSE from classical scrapie. Brain Pathol 20:313–322
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jacobs JG, Sauer M, Van Keulen LJ, Tang Y, Bossers A, Langeveld JP (2011) Differentiation of ruminant transmissible spongiform encephalopathy isolate types, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy and CH1641 scrapie. J Gen Virol 92:222–232
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eloit M, Adjou K, Coulpier M, Fontaine JJ, Hamel R, Lilin T, Messiaen S, Andreoletti O, Baron T, Bencsik A, Biacabe AG, Beringue V, Laude H, Le Dur A, Vilotte JL, Comoy E, Deslys JP, Grassi J, Simon S, Lantier F, Sarradin P (2005) BSE agent signatures in a goat. Vet Rec 156:523–524
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jeffrey M, Martin S, Gonzalez L, Foster J, Langeveld JP, Van Zijderveld FG, Grassi J, Hunter N (2006) Immunohistochemical features of PrP(d) accumulation in natural and experimental goat transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. J Comp Pathol 134:171–181
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spiropoulos J, Lockey R, Sallis RE, Terry LA, Thorne L, Holder TM, Beck KE, Simmons MM (2011) Isolation of prion with BSE properties from farmed goat. Emerg Infect Dis 17:2253–2261
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bruce ME, Boyle A, Cousens S, McConnell I, Foster J, Goldmann W, Fraser H (2002) Strain characterization of natural sheep scrapie and comparison with BSE. J Gen Virol 83:695–704
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yokoyama T, Masujin K, Schmerr MJ, Shu Y, Okada H, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Matsuura Y, Murayama Y, Mohri S (2010) Intraspecies prion transmission results in selection of sheep scrapie strains. PLoS One 5:e15450
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mazza M, Iulini B, Vaccari G, Acutis PL, Martucci F, Esposito E, Peletto S, Barocci S, Chiappini B, Corona C, Barbieri I, Caramelli M, Agrimi U, Casalone C, Nonno R (2010) Co-existence of classical scrapie and Nor98 in a sheep from an Italian outbreak. Res Vet Sci 88:478–485
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Terry LA, Marsh S, Ryder SJ, Hawkins SA, Wells GA, Spencer YI (2003) Detection of disease-specific PrP in the distal ileum of cattle exposed orally to the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Rec 152:387–392
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hoffmann C, Ziegler U, Buschmann A, Weber A, Kupfer L, Oelschlegel A, Hammerschmidt B, Groschup MH (2007) Prions spread via the autonomic nervous system from the gut to the central nervous system in cattle incubating bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Gen Virol 88:1048–1055
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Foster JD, Parnham DW, Hunter N, Bruce M (2001) Distribution of the prion protein in sheep terminally affected with BSE following experimental oral transmission. J Gen Virol 82:2319–2326
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baylis M, Houston F, Kao RR, McLean AR, Hunter N, Gravenor MB (2002) BSE - a wolf in sheep’s clothing? Trends Microbiol 10:563–570
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baylis M, Houston F, Goldmann W, Hunter N, McLean AR (2000) The signature of scrapie: differences in the PrP genotype profile of scrapie-affected and scrapie-free UK sheep flocks. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 267:2029–2035
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bellworthy SJ, Dexter G, Stack M, Chaplin M, Hawkins SA, Simmons MM, Jeffrey M, Martin S, Gonzalez L, Hill P (2005) Natural transmission of BSE between sheep within an experimental flock. Vet Rec 157:206
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baron TG, Biacabe AG (2001) Molecular analysis of the abnormal prion protein during coinfection of mice by bovine spongiform encephalopathy and a scrapie agent. J Virol 75:107–114
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beck KE, Sallis RE, Lockey R, Simmons MM, Spiropoulos J (2010) Ovine PrP genotype is linked with lesion profile and immunohistochemistry patterns following primary transmission of classical scrapie to wild type mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69:483–497
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Green R, Horrocks C, Wilkinson A, Hawkins SA, Ryder SJ (2005) Primary isolation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in mice: agent definition based on a review of 150 transmissions. J Comp Pathol 132:117–131
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Groschup MH, Kuczius T, Junghans F, Sweeney T, Bodemer W, Buschmann A (2000) Characterization of BSE and scrapie strains/isolates. Arch Virol Suppl 16:217–226
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beck KE, Vickery CM, Lockey R, Holder T, Thorne L, Terry LA, Denyer M, Webb P, Simmons MM, Spiropoulos J (2012) The interpretation of disease phenotypes to identify TSE strains following murine bioassay: characterisation of classical scrapie. Vet Res 43:77
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corda E, Beck KE, Sallis RE, Vickery CM, Denyer M, Webb PR, Bellworthy SJ, Spencer YI, Simmons MM, Spiropoulos J (2012) The interpretation of disease phenotypes to identify TSE strains in mice: characterisation of BSE using PrPSc distribution patterns in the brain. Vet Res 43:86
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Keulen LJ, Langeveld JP, Dolstra CH, Jacobs J, Bossers A, Van Zijderveld FG (2014) TSE strain differentiation in mice by immunohistochemical PrP profiles and triplex Western blot. Neurobiol, Neuropathol Appl, doi:10.1111/nan.12181
Google Scholar
Gonzalez L, Thorne L, Jeffrey M, Martin S, Spiropoulos J, Beck KE, Lockey RW, Vickery CM, Holder T, Terry L (2012) Infectious titres of sheep scrapie and BSE agents cannot be accurately predicted from quantitative laboratory test results. J Gen Virol 93:2518–2527
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beck KE, Sallis RE, Lockey R, Vickery CM, Beringue V, Laude H, Holder TM, Thorne L, Terry LA, Tout AC, Jayasena D, Griffiths PC, Cawthraw S, Ellis R, Balkema-Buschmann A, Groschup MH, Simmons MM, Spiropoulos J (2012) Use of murine bioassay to resolve ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy cases showing a bovine spongiform encephalopathy molecular profile. Brain Pathol 22:265–279
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Westaway D, Goodman PA, Mirenda CA, McKinley MP, Carlson GA, Prusiner SB (1987) Distinct prion proteins in short and long scrapie incubation period mice. Cell 51:651–662
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bruce ME, McConnell I, Fraser H, Dickinson AG (1991) The disease characteristics of different strains of scrapie in Sinc congenic mouse lines: implications for the nature of the agent and host control of pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 72:595–603
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Padilla D, Beringue V, Espinosa JC, Andreoletti O, Jaumain E, Reine F, Herzog L, Gutierrez-Adan A, Pintado B, Laude H, Torres JM (2011) Sheep and goat BSE propagate more efficiently than cattle BSE in human PrP transgenic mice. PLoS Pathog 7:e1001319
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Plinston C, Hart P, Chong A, Hunter N, Foster J, Piccardo P, Manson JC, Barron RM (2011) Increased susceptibility of human-PrP transgenic mice to bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection following passage in sheep. J Virol 85:1174–1181
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Plinston C, Hart P, Hunter N, Manson JC, Barron RM (2014) Increased susceptibility of transgenic mice expressing human PrP to experimental sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy is not due to increased agent titre in sheep brain tissue. J Gen Virol 95:1855–1859
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thackray AM, Hopkins L, Lockey R, Spiropoulos J, Bujdoso R (2011) Emergence of multiple prion strains from single isolates of ovine scrapie. J Gen Virol 92:1482–1491
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lantier I, Berthon P, Leroux H, Rossignol C, Lacroux C, Torres JM, Simon S, Andreoletti O, Lantier F (2009) Ovine and Bovine PRNP transgenic mice allow discrimination between Scrapie and BSE in co-infected mice and sheep. Prion2009 Book of Abstracts, Porto Carras, Chalkidiki, Greece
Google Scholar
Fast C, Eiden M, Lantier I, Berthon P, Lantier F, Keller M, Andreoletti O, Groschup M (2012) Characterisation of phenotypes resulting from a BSE/scrapie co-infection of ovine PrP overexpressing transgenic mice (TgshpIX). Prion 6(Supp 1):s38
Google Scholar
Gough KC, Bishop K, Maddison BC (2014) Highly sensitive detection of small ruminant bovine spongiform encephalopathy within transmissible spongiform encephalopathy mixes by serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification. J Clin Microbiol 52:3863–3868
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
TSE European Union Reference Laboratory (2014) Fixation, tissue processing, histology and immunohistochemistry staining procedures for the diagnosis of animal TSE (BSE, scrapie, atypical scrapie), http://www.tse-lab-net.eu/documents/tse-oie-rl-prp.pdf. Accessed 10 Dec 2014
Google Scholar
Vickery CM, Beck KE, Simmons MM, Hawkins SA, Spiropoulos J (2013) Disease characteristics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy following inoculation into mice via three different routes. Int J Exp Pathol 94:320–328
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar