Campbell BC, Li QX, Culvenor JG, Jakala P, Cappai R, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, McLean CA: Accumulation of insoluble α-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurobiol Dis 2000, 7(3):192–200. 10.1006/nbdi.2000.0286
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paleologou KE, Kragh CL, Mann DM, Salem SA, Al-Shami R, Allsop D, Hassan AH, Jensen PH, El-Agnaf OM: Detection of elevated levels of soluble α-synuclein oligomers in post-mortem brain extracts from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain 2009, 132(Pt 4):1093–1101.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kingsbury AE, Daniel SE, Sangha H, Eisen S, Lees AJ, Foster OJ: Alteration in α-synuclein mRNA expression in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2004, 19(2):162–170. 10.1002/mds.10683
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wirdefeldt K, Bogdanovic N, Westerberg L, Payami H, Schalling M, Murdoch G: Expression of α-synuclein in the human brain: relation to Lewy body disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001, 92(1–2):58–65. 10.1016/S0169-328X(01)00150-4
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deleidi M, Maetzler W (2012) Protein clearance mechanisms of α-synuclein and amyloid-Β in lewy body disorders. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012:391438
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Wahlster L, McLean PJ: Protein degradation pathways in Parkinson’s disease: curse or blessing. Acta Neuropathol 2012, 124(2):153–172. 10.1007/s00401-012-1004-6
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Webb JL, Ravikumar B, Atkins J, Skepper JN, Rubinsztein DC: Αlpha-Synuclein is degraded by both autophagy and the proteasome. J Biol Chem 2003, 278(27):25009–25013. 10.1074/jbc.M300227200
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xilouri M, Brekk OR, Stefanis L: α-Synuclein and protein degradation systems: a reciprocal relationship. Mol Neurobiol 2013, 47(2):537–551. 10.1007/s12035-012-8341-2
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cullen V, Lindfors M, Ng J, Paetau A, Swinton E, Kolodziej P, Boston H, Saftig P, Woulfe J, Feany MB, Myllykangas L, Schlossmacher MG, Tyynela J (2009) Cathepsin D expression level affects α-synuclein processing, aggregation, and toxicity in vivo. Mol Brain 2:5
Qiao L, Hamamichi S, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Yacoubian TA, Wilson S, Xie ZL, Speake LD, Parks R, Crabtree D, Liang Q, Crimmins S, Schneider L, Uchiyama Y, Iwatsubo T, Zhou Y, Peng L, Lu Y, Standaert DG, Walls KC, Shacka JJ, Roth KA, Zhang J (2008) Lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D protects against α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Mol Brain 1:17
Sevlever D, Jiang P, Yen SH: Cathepsin D is the main lysosomal enzyme involved in the degradation of α-synuclein and generation of its carboxy-terminally truncated species. Biochemistry 2008, 47(36):9678–9687. 10.1021/bi800699v
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yelamanchili SV, Chaudhuri AD, Flynn CT, Fox HS (2011) Upregulation of cathepsin D in the caudate nucleus of primates with experimental parkinsonism. Mol Neurodegeneration 6:52
Sung JY, Park SM, Lee CH, Um JW, Lee HJ, Kim J, Oh YJ, Lee ST, Paik SR, Chung KC: Proteolytic cleavage of extracellular secreted {α}-synuclein via matrix metalloproteinases. J Biol Chem 2005, 280(26):25216–25224. 10.1074/jbc.M503341200
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mishizen-Eberz AJ, Guttmann RP, Giasson BI, Day GA 3rd, Hodara R, Ischiropoulos H, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Lynch DR: Distinct cleavage patterns of normal and pathologic forms of α-synuclein by calpain I in vitro. J Neurochem 2003, 86(4):836–847. 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01878.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mishizen-Eberz AJ, Norris EH, Giasson BI, Hodara R, Ischiropoulos H, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Lynch DR: Cleavage of α-synuclein by calpain: potential role in degradation of fibrillized and nitrated species of α-synuclein. Biochemistry 2005, 44(21):7818–7829. 10.1021/bi047846q
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Iwata A, Maruyama M, Akagi T, Hashikawa T, Kanazawa I, Tsuji S, Nukina N: Α-synuclein degradation by serine protease neurosin: implication for pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2003, 12(20):2625–2635. 10.1093/hmg/ddg283
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kasai T, Tokuda T, Yamaguchi N, Watanabe Y, Kametani F, Nakagawa M, Mizuno T: Cleavage of normal and pathological forms of α-synuclein by neurosin in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2008, 436(1):52–56. 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.057
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petraki CD, Karavana VN, Skoufogiannis PT, Little SP, Howarth DJ, Yousef GM, Diamandis EP: The spectrum of human kallikrein 6 (zyme/protease M/neurosin) expression in human tissues as assessed by immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 2001, 49(11):1431–1441. 10.1177/002215540104901111
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yamanaka H, He X, Matsumoto K, Shiosaka S, Yoshida S: Protease M/neurosin mRNA is expressed in mature oligodendrocytes. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1999, 71(2):217–224. 10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00187-4
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yamashiro K, Tsuruoka N, Kodama S, Tsujimoto M, Yamamura Y, Tanaka T, Nakazato H, Yamaguchi N: Molecular cloning of a novel trypsin-like serine protease (neurosin) preferentially expressed in brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997, 1350(1):11–14. 10.1016/S0167-4781(96)00187-X
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ogawa K, Yamada T, Tsujioka Y, Taguchi J, Takahashi M, Tsuboi Y, Fujino Y, Nakajima M, Yamamoto T, Akatsu H, Mitsui S, Yamaguchi N: Localization of a novel type trypsin-like serine protease, neurosin, in brain tissues of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000, 54(4):419–426. 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00731.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tatebe H, Watanabe Y, Kasai T, Mizuno T, Nakagawa M, Tanaka M, Tokuda T: Extracellular neurosin degrades α-synuclein in cultured cells. Neurosci Res 2010, 67(4):341–346. 10.1016/j.neures.2010.04.008
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Danzer KM, Kranich LR, Ruf WP, Cagsal-Getkin O, Winslow AR, Zhu L, Vanderburg CR, McLean PJ (2012) Exosomal cell-to-cell transmission of α synuclein oligomers. Mol Neurodegeneration 7:42
Lee SJ, Desplats P, Lee HJ, Spencer B, Masliah E: Cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein aggregates. Methods Mol Biol 2012, 849: 347–359. 10.1007/978-1-61779-551-0_23
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Spencer B, Michael S, Shen J, Kosberg K, Rockenstein E, Patrick C, Adame A, Masliah E: Lentivirus mediated delivery of neurosin promotes clearance of wild-type α-synuclein and reduces the pathology in an α-synuclein model of LBD. Mol Ther 2013, 21(1):31–41. 10.1038/mt.2012.66
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ferreira A, Bigio EH: Calpain-mediated tau cleavage: a mechanism leading to neurodegeneration shared by multiple tauopathies. Mol Med 2011, 17(7–8):676–685.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Higuchi M, Iwata N, Matsuba Y, Takano J, Suemoto T, Maeda J, Ji B, Ono M, Staufenbiel M, Suhara T, Saido TC: Mechanistic involvement of the calpain-calpastatin system in Alzheimer neuropathology. FASEB J 2012, 26(3):1204–1217. 10.1096/fj.11-187740
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McLean PJ, Kawamata H, Ribich S, Hyman BT: Membrane association and protein conformation of α-synuclein in intact neurons. effect of Parkinson’s disease-linked mutations. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(12):8812–8816. 10.1074/jbc.275.12.8812
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dufty BM, Warner LR, Hou ST, Jiang SX, Gomez-Isla T, Leenhouts KM, Oxford JT, Feany MB, Masliah E, Rohn TT: Calpain-cleavage of α-synuclein: connecting proteolytic processing to disease-linked aggregation. Am J Pathol 2007, 170(5):1725–1738. 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061232
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Mirra SS, Nelson PT, Schneider JA, Thal DR, Trojanowski JQ, Vinters HV, Hyman BT: National Institute on A, Alzheimer’s A: National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol 2012, 123(1):1–11. 10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McKeith I, Mintzer J, Aarsland D, Burn D, Chiu H, Cohen-Mansfield J, Dickson D, Dubois B, Duda JE, Feldman H, Gauthier S, Halliday G, Lawlor B, Lippa C, Lopez OL, Carlos Machado J, O’Brien J, Playfer J, Reid W: International Psychogeriatric Association Expert Meeting on DLB: Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet Neurol 2004, 3(1):19–28. 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00619-7
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E: Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003, 24(2):197–211. 10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00065-9
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Braak H, Alafuzoff I, Arzberger T, Kretzschmar H, Del Tredici K: Staging of Alzheimer disease-associated neurofibrillary pathology using paraffin sections and immunocytochemistry. Acta Neuropathol 2006, 112(4):389–404. 10.1007/s00401-006-0127-z
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ashby EL, Kehoe PG, Love S: Kallikrein-related peptidase 6 in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Brain Res 2010, 1363: 1–10. 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.017
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chalmers K, Wilcock GK, Love S: APOE ε4 influences the pathological phenotype of Alzheimer’s disease by favouring cerebrovascular over parenchymal accumulation of Aβ protein. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003, 29(3):231–238. 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2003.00457.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chalmers KA, Wilcock GK, Vinters HV, Perry EK, Perry R, Ballard CG, Love S: Cholinesterase inhibitors may increase phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol 2009, 256(5):717–720. 10.1007/s00415-009-5000-2
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mittoo S, Sundstrom LE, Bradley M: Synthesis and evaluation of fluorescent probes for the detection of calpain activity. Anal Biochem 2003, 319(2):234–238. 10.1016/S0003-2697(03)00324-5
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miners S, Moulding H, de Silva R, Love S: Reduced vascular endothelial growth factor and capillary density in the occipital cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain Pathol 2014, 24(4):334–343. 10.1111/bpa.12130
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swirksi M, Miners S, de Silva R, Lashley Y, Ling H, Holton T, Revesz T, Love S (2014) Evaluating the relationship between amyloid-β and α-synuclein phosphorylated at Ser129 in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 6:77
Perrin RJ, Payton JE, Barnett DH, Wraight CL, Woods WS, Ye L, George JM: Epitope mapping and specificity of the anti-α-synuclein monoclonal antibody Syn-1 in mouse brain and cultured cell lines. Neurosci Lett 2003, 349(2):133–135. 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00781-X
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bodles AM, Guthrie DJ, Greer B, Irvine GB: Identification of the region of non-Aβ component (NAC) of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid responsible for its aggregation and toxicity. J Neurochem 2001, 78(2):384–395. 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00408.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giasson BI, Murray IV, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM: A hydrophobic stretch of 12 amino acid residues in the middle of α-synuclein is essential for filament assembly. J Biol Chem 2001, 276(4):2380–2386. 10.1074/jbc.M008919200
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anderson JP, Walker DE, Goldstein JM, de Laat R, Banducci K, Caccavello RJ, Barbour R, Huang J, Kling K, Lee M, Diep L, Keim PS, Shen X, Chataway T, Schlossmacher MG, Seubert P, Schenk D, Sinha S, Gai WP, Chilcote TJ: Phosphorylation of Ser-129 is the dominant pathological modification of α-synuclein in familial and sporadic Lewy body disease. J Biol Chem 2006, 281(40):29739–29752. 10.1074/jbc.M600933200
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fujiwara H, Hasegawa M, Dohmae N, Kawashima A, Masliah E, Goldberg MS, Shen J, Takio K, Iwatsubo T: α-Synuclein is phosphorylated in synucleinopathy lesions. Nat Cell Biol 2002, 4(2):160–164.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chau KY, Ching HL, Schapira AH, Cooper JM: Relationship between α synuclein phosphorylation, proteasomal inhibition and cell death: relevance to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2009, 110(3):1005–1013. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06191.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen L, Feany MB: Α-synuclein phosphorylation controls neurotoxicity and inclusion formation in a Drosophila model of Parkinson disease. Nat Neurosci 2005, 8(5):657–663. 10.1038/nn1443
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen L, Periquet M, Wang X, Negro A, McLean PJ, Hyman BT, Feany MB: Tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of α-synuclein have opposing effects on neurotoxicity and soluble oligomer formation. J Clin Invest 2009, 119(11):3257–3265.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Crocker SJ, Smith PD, Jackson-Lewis V, Lamba WR, Hayley SP, Grimm E, Callaghan SM, Slack RS, Melloni E, Przedborski S, Robertson GS, Anisman H, Merali Z, Park DS: Inhibition of calpains prevents neuronal and behavioral deficits in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci 2003, 23(10):4081–4091.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diepenbroek M, Casadei N, Esmer H, Saido TC, Takano J, Kahle PJ, Nixon RA, Rao MV, Melki R, Pieri L, Helling S, Marcus K, Krueger R, Masliah E, Riess O, Nuber S: Overexpression of the calpain-specific inhibitor calpastatin reduces human α-Synuclein processing, aggregation and synaptic impairment in [A30P]αSyn transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014, 23(15):3975–3989. 10.1093/hmg/ddu112
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alvira D, Ferrer I, Gutierrez-Cuesta J, Garcia-Castro B, Pallas M, Camins A: Activation of the calpain/cdk5/p25 pathway in the girus cinguli in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008, 14(4):309–313. 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.09.005
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mouatt-Prigent A, Karlsson JO, Agid Y, Hirsch EC: Increased M-calpain expression in the mesencephalon of patients with Parkinson’s disease but not in other neurodegenerative disorders involving the mesencephalon: a role in nerve cell death? Neuroscience 1996, 73(4):979–987. 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00100-5
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nuber S, Tadros D, Fields J, Overk CR, Ettle B, Kosberg K, Mante M, Rockenstein E, Trejo M, Masliah E: Environmental neurotoxic challenge of conditional α-synuclein transgenic mice predicts a dopaminergic olfactory-striatal interplay in early PD. Acta Neuropathol 2014, 127(4):477–494. 10.1007/s00401-014-1255-5
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Villalpando Rodriguez GE, Torriglia A: Calpain 1 induce lysosomal permeabilization by cleavage of lysosomal associated membrane protein 2. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013, 1833(10):2244–2253. 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.05.019
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xia HG, Zhang L, Chen G, Zhang T, Liu J, Jin M, Ma X, Ma D, Yuan J: Control of basal autophagy by calpain1 mediated cleavage of ATG5. Autophagy 2010, 6(1):61–66. 10.4161/auto.6.1.10326
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Levin J, Giese A, Boetzel K, Israel L, Hogen T, Nubling G, Kretzschmar H, Lorenzl S: Increased α-synuclein aggregation following limited cleavage by certain matrix metalloproteinases. Exp Neurol 2009, 215(1):201–208. 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.10.010
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wennstrom M, Surova Y, Hall S, Nilsson C, Minthon L, Bostrom F, Hansson O, Nielsen HM (2013) Low CSF levels of both α-synuclein and the α-synuclein cleaving enzyme neurosin in patients with synucleinopathy. PLoS One 8(1):e53250
Ximerakis M, Pampalakis G, Roumeliotis TI, Sykioti VS, Garbis SD, Stefanis L, Sotiropoulou G, Vekrellis K: Resistance of naturally secreted α-synuclein to proteolysis. FASEB J 2014, 28(7):3146–3158. 10.1096/fj.13-245852
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar