Adachi T, Chong JM, Nakajima N, Sano M, Yamazaki J, Miyamoto I, Nishioka H, Akita H, Sato Y, Kataoka M et al (2020) Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings from autopsy of patient with COVID-19, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.201353
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barton LM, Duval EJ, Stroberg E, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S (2020) COVID-19 autopsies, Oklahoma, USA. Am J Clin Pathol 153:725–733. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa062
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beyrouti R, Adams ME, Benjamin L, Cohen H, Farmer SF, Goh YY, Humphries F, Jäger HR, Losseff NA, Perry RJ et al (2020) Characteristics of ischaemic stroke associated with COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323586
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brown GC, Neher JJ (2014) Microglial phagocytosis of live neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 15:209–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3710
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y et al (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395:507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, Chen Y, Xiong J, Feng Y, Men D, Huang Q, Liu Y, Yang B et al (2020) Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely correlated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa449
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Control CfD (2020) Collection and submission of postmortem specimens from deceased persons with known or suspected COVID-19. Interim guidance. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-postmortem-specimens.html#biosafety
Ebrille E, Lucciola MT, Amellone C, Ballocca F, Orlando F, Giammaria M (2020) Syncope as the presenting symptom of COVID-19 infection. HeartRhythm Case Rep. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrcr.2020.04.015
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, Prill M, Chai SJ, Kirley PD, Alden NB et al (2020) Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019—COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:458–464. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e3
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gautier JC, Blackwood W (1961) Enlargement of the inferior olivary nucleus in association with lesions of the central tegmental tract or dentate nucleus. Brain 84:341–361. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/84.3.341
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goto N, Kaneko M (1981) Olivary enlargement: chronological and morphometric analyses. Acta Neuropathol 54:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00697000
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harenberg J, Favaloro E (2020) COVID-19: progression of disease and intravascular coagulation—present status and future perspectives. Clin Chem Lab Med. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0502
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hart MN, Earle KM (1975) Haemorrhagic and perivenous encephalitis: a clinical-pathological review of 38 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38:585–591. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.38.6.585
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kotfis K, Williams Roberson S, Wilson JE, Dabrowski W, Pun BT, Ely EW (2020) COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Crit Care 24:176
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, Van Laethem Y, Cabaraux P, Mat Q, Huet K, Plzak J, Horoi M, Hans S et al (2020) Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1,420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13089
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, Levy JH (2020) Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Haematol. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30145-9
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu J, Li S, Liu J, Liang B, Wang X, Wang H, Li W, Tong Q, Yi J, Zhao L et al (2020) Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine 55:102763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lively S, Schlichter LC (2018) Microglia responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli (LPS, IFNgamma + TNFalpha) and reprogramming by resolving cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). Front Cell Neurosci 12:215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2018.00215
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D et al (2020) Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Menni C, Valdes AM, Freidin MB, Sudre CH, Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Ganesh S, Varsavsky T, Cardoso MJ, El-Sayed Moustafa JS et al (2020) Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nat Med. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Menter T, Haslbauer JD, Nienhold R, Savic S, Hopfer H, Deigendesch N, Frank S, Turek D, Willi N, Pargger H et al (2020) Post-mortem examination of COVID19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings of lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction. Histopathology. https://doi.org/10.1111/his.14134
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Paniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C, Grimes Z, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Lednicky J, Sordillo EM, Fowkes M (2020) Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25915
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: CT and MRI features. Radiology. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201187
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reichard RR, Kashani KB, Boire NA, Constantopoulos E, Guo Y, Lucchinetti CF (2020) Neuropathology of COVID-19: a spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology. Acta Neuropathol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02166-2
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, Zandi MS, Lewis G, David AS (2020) Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30203-0
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Romero-Sanchez CM, Diaz-Maroto I, Fernandez-Diaz E, Sanchez-Larsen A, Layos-Romero A, Garcia-Garcia J, Gonzalez E, Redondo-Penas I, Perona-Moratalla AB, Del Valle-Perez JA et al (2020) Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009937
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Russell DS (1955) The nosological unity of acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Brain 78:369–376. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/78.3.369
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Love S, Perry A, Ironside JW, Budka H (2015) Greenfield’s neuropathology, 9th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Google Scholar
Solomon IH, Normandin E, Bhattacharyya S, Mukerji SS, Keller K, Ali AS, Adams G, Hornick JL, Padera RF, Sabeti P (2020) Neuropathological features of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2019373
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao SY (2020) Pulmonary pathology of early-phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 15:700–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2020.02.010
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, Mehra MR, Schuepbach RA, Ruschitzka F, Moch H (2020) Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet 395:1417–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30937-5
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y (2020) Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 12:6049–6057. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103000
Article
Google Scholar
Wong KT, Munisamy B, Ong KC, Kojima H, Noriyo N, Chua KB, Ong BB, Nagashima K (2008) The distribution of inflammation and virus in human enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis suggests possible viral spread by neural pathways. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67:162–169. https://doi.org/10.1097/nen.0b013e318163a990
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, Liu S, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhu L et al (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 8:420–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zanin L, Saraceno G, Panciani PP, Renisi G, Signorini L, Migliorati K, Fontanella MM (2020) SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 162:1491–1494
Article
Google Scholar