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  • Letter to the Editor
  • Open Access

Clinicopathological features of the rare form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in R208H-V129V PRNP carrier

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Acta Neuropathologica Communications20197:47

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-019-0699-1

©  The Author(s). 2019

  • Received: 28 February 2019
  • Accepted: 15 March 2019
  • Published:

Keywords

  • Genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Prion diseases
  • Neuropathology
  • R208H
  • Dementia
  • Mutation

To the Editor,

Genetic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases are always associated with one of the more than 50 disease-associated point or insert mutations of the PrP gene (PRNP) [12] and represent approximately 10 to 20% of all forms of TSE diseases [9]. Each mutation is often associated with specific clinic-pathological phenotype [12] that are generally represented by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) [3, 8], Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker disease or inherited prion protein cerebral amyloidoses [5], and fatal familial insomnia [4]. The methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 of PRNP plays also a role in determining the disease phenotype, especially when co-segregates with the pathogenic mutation [3]. Most PRNP mutations responsible for the CJD phenotype, including the R208H, are extremely rare and often there is no evidence of CJD in other family members. In particular, the R208H mutation co-segregates either with methionine or valine at codon 129 and it has been fully described in only 12 patients carrying M129 and 4 patients with V129 [8]. Here, we report clinical and neuropathological details of the fourth worldwide case of CJD carrying the rare R208H-129 Val PRNP genotype with a suggestive positive family history for dementia.

Clinical findings

A 64-year-old woman developed psychiatric symptoms with mood depression and apathy, and unsteadiness while walking in July 2003. Two months later, ataxic gait and left lateropulsion were reported. On November 2003, the patient was hospitalized and neurological examination showed reduced psychomotor ability, despite the patient was alerted and oriented, mild hypophonia, cerebellar dysarthria, mild dysmetria of the upper and lower limbs, head tremor, and tendency to retro- and latero-pulsion in Romberg position. The gait was possible only with bilateral support. The Mini Mental State Examination was 21.2/30.

Seven months after disease onset, the patient developed myoclonus in the perioral region and in the left hand, extrapyramidal (rigidity) and pyramidal (Babinski) signs, paratonia in all limbs, and finally akinetic mutism. EEG evolved in diffuse periodic sharp-waves complexes, which lasted until death. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed a positive 14–3-3 protein test. Brain MRI, on FLAIR sequences, showed a mild hyperintensity of the nucleus caudatus bilaterally and of the peri-aqueductal gray matter. Direct sequencing of the PRNP ORF (See details of methods in Additional file 1) revealed a point mutation at codon 208 (R208H) causing the substitution of Histidine for Arginine coupled with homozygosity for Valine at codon 129. A diagnosis of probable genetic CJD was made according to the internationally recognised diagnostic criteria [10].The patient died 30 months after onset and autopsy was performed. RT-QuIC test on CSF performed a posteriori resulted positive (See details of methods in Additional file 1) . Family members reported that the mother of the patient developed memory impairment for which she was admitted to hospital with a suspect of cerebral neoplasia and died 6 months later at age 80. Hospital records were not available. Patient’s father died at age 84 without dementia or neurological signs while her younger sister died at age 48 in a car accident. She had two healthy children. First-degree family members refused genetic examination.

Neuropathology and immunochemistry

Gross examination of the brain showed severe diffuse atrophy of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. Microscopic examination showed status spongiosus associated with severe gliosis, and loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex of all lobes (Fig. 1a, see details of methods in Additional file 1), striatum, thalamus, and cerebellum. Moderate to severe gliosis and neuronal loss also affected the subiculum, substantia nigra, brainstem periaqueductal gray and the inferior olive. The hippocampal formation (CA2-CA4) was relatively spared and uniquely showed foci of classic spongiform change.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Histopathological features and western blot profile of PrPTSE in CJD R208H-129V. Status spongiosus associated with severe gliosis and neuronal loss in the temporal cortex (a, H&E, the asterisk indicates the white matter junction). Severe gliosis of subcortical white matter with many gemistocytic astrocytes and scattered macrophages (b, H&E, frontal lobe). Small, unicentric amyloid plaque (arrow) at the transition between the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum (c, H&E). Synaptic PrP staining in the cortical gray matter and plaque-like deposits in subcortical white matter (d, PrP immunohistochemistry, temporal lobe). Diffuse synaptic pattern of PrPTSE deposition in the molecular layer and plaque-like deposits associated with few small plaques in the granular layer of the cerebellum (e, PrP immunohistochemistry). Immunoblot profiles of PK-treated PrPTSE in CJD R208H, sCJD MM1 and sCJD VV2 (f). Samples were probed with the primary antibody 3F4. Relative molecular masses are expressed in kDa. FC: frontal cortex, INS: insular cortex, CAU: caudate nucleus

Severe demyelination and axonal loss, accompanied by severe gliosis including many gemistocytic astrocytic and scattered macrophages diffusely affected the subcortical white matter (Fig. 1b). Sparse small, unicentric amyloid plaques were seen in the cerebellar granular layer (Fig. 1c); however classic mature and fully formed plaques of the kuru type were rare. Overall, the number of amyloid plaques were significantly lower compared to those seen in sporadic CJD MV2K with comparable disease duration (mean of 3 cases).

PrP immunohistochemistry demonstrated a diffuse synaptic pattern of PrPTSE in the cerebral cortex and scattered small focal plaque-like deposits in the subcortical white matter immediately below the cortical ribbon (Fig. 1d), in the granular layer of the cerebellum (Fig. 1e) and the cerebellar white matter. Immunostaining for phospho-tau, amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein, and phospho-TDP-43 revealed no abnormal protein deposits (See details of methods in Additional file 1) .

PrPTSE was detected in all areas analyzed. The physicochemical properties of the abnormal protein were consistent with that of PrPTSE type 2A from sporadic CJDVV2 with an unglycosylated form migrating at 19 kDa. PrP TSE monoglycosylated and diglycosylated bands were either even or showed a predominance of the monoglycosylated form as in sporadic CJDVV2 (Fig. 1f, see details of methods in Additional file 1).

The R208H mutation coupled with V129 have been so far described only in 4 unrelated CJD patients in three European countries (France, Czech Republic, and Italy) (Table 1), contrasting with a wider geographical distribution of R208H mutation coupled with M129 [8]. The case described here, similarly to the previously described ones [2, 11, 13], clinically resembles codon 129VV sporadic CJD for clinical and neuropathological features. However, behavioural changes are more frequently present at onset in R208H V129 (75%) compared with VV sporadic CJD patients (7.5%) and disease duration, especially in the case reported here, is particularly long [1]. The most helpful diagnostic features is brain MRI that shows the characteristic hyperintensity in subcortical and cortical areas [14] in 3 of 4 cases. The result of the RT-QuIC test in the CSF resulted positive in this case but negative in the other previously described Italian case [13] suggesting caution in the interpretation of negative RT-QuIC in carriers of CJD patients with the R208H V129 mutation. The comparison of brain pathology in the autopsied cases revealed plaque-like structures seen with immunohistological investigation in all three cases in line with similar staining in sporadic CJD with type 2 PrPTSE and valine homozygosity [1], while the presence of true amyloid Kuru plaques as in the case of Basset-Leobon and colleagues [2] is not observed in the same molecular subtype of sporadic CJD. However, the brain histology of our case differed significantly because of the presence of status spongiosus and severe astrogliosis that affected white matter, with a picture very similar to that reported in the panencephalopatic form of CJD [7] unlikely dependent by the R208H mutation but in line with long disease duration [6]. Finally, the case reported here differs from previously described cases because of the presence of a rapid (6 months) cognitive decline in the mother’s patient that might suggest CJD.
Table 1

Characteristics of CJD patients carrying the R208H-129 VV haplotype

 

CJD casesa

1

2

3

4

Country

France

Czech Republic

Italy

Italy

Sex/Age at onset (years)

M/61

F/62

F/62

F/63

Family history for CJD/dementia

No/No

No/No

No/No

No/Yes

Disease duration (months)

7

16

9

30

Symptom at onset

Psychiatric symptoms

Lower back pain, gait disturbances

Akinesia, postural and psychiatric symptoms

Psychiatric symptoms

Clinical signs

Cognitive impairment

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cerebellar

Yes

No

No

Yes

Visual

No

No

No

No

Pyramidal/Extrapyramidal

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Myoclonus

No

Yes

No

Yes

Akinetic mutism

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Diagnostic features (months from onset)

MMSE

Not reported

29/30 (8)

17/30 (10)

12/30 (3)

21/30 (4)

EEG typical for CJDb

No (5)

Yes (8)

No (5)

Yes (7)

Brain MRI typical for CJDc

No (5)

Yes (8)

Yes (4)

Yes (4)

14-3-3 in CSF

Negative (5)

Positive (10)

Negative (6)

Positive (7)

RT-QuIC in the CSF

Not done

Not done

Negative (6)

Positive (7)

PrPCJD type

Type 2A

Type 2A

Not done

Type 2A

Neuropathology

Spongiform changes in frontal cortex and striatum; gliosis in striatum and thalamus; Kuru plaques in cerebellum

Spongiform changes in frontal cortex; plaque-like structures in cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and basal ganglia

Not done

Status spongiosus in cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus and cerebellum; severe astrogliosis in white matter; unicentric amyloid plaques in the cerebellum

aCase 1, Basset-Leobon et al. [2]; case 2, Matej et al. [11]; case 3, Vita et al. [13]; case 4, reported here

bGeneralised triphasic periodic complexes

cHigh signal in caudate/putamen on MRI brain scan or at least two cortical regions (temporal, parietal, occipital) either on DWI or FLAIR

Abbreviations

CJD: 

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

CSF: 

Cerebrospinal fluid

EEG: 

Electroenchephalogram

FLAIR: 

Fluid attenuated inversion recovery

MRI: 

Magnetic resonance imaging

ORF: 

Open reading frame

PRNP : 

Human prion protein gene

PrP: 

Prion protein

PrPTSE : 

Pathological prion protein

RT-QuIC: 

Real time quake induced conversion

TSE: 

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Declarations

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to the family who generously contributed their time to this research study. We also thank Michele Equestre for technical support in the CSF analysis and Cinzia Gasparrini and Alessandra Garozzo for editorial and administrative assistance.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the Ministero della salute, Italy, for the national surveillance of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Family members gave written informed consent.

Availability of data and materials

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Authors’ contributions

DT data collection, drafting and revising manuscript. AP data collection, genetic analysis and critical revision of the manuscript. VM, AM, LB, CI clinical data collection. EC, LV data collection and revision of the manuscript. SB pathological studies. AL critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. PP pathological studies, study supervision, and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. MP study supervision and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethic committee, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)
Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
(2)
Department of Neurology, S. Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy
(3)
IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
(4)
Department of of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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