Fig. 2

MSA impairs mouse learning and memory ability in mice. a Experimental procedure diagram in vivo. b, The time spent in the novel arm in Y-maze test for various groups. n = 12 mice per group. c, Discrimination index in the NOR test for various groups. n = 12 mice per group. d, The time for mice to reach the submerged hidden platform during training. e, The latency to find the position of the platform. f, The number of platform crossings. g, The time spent by the mice in the targeted quadrant. n = 12 mice per group. h, The apoptosis in mouse brains detected by Tunel staining (scale bar, 25 μm). i, The quantitation analysis of Tunel positive cells in g. j, Microgliosis and astrogliosis in mouse brains detected by IHC staining (scale bar, 100 μm). k, The quantification analysis of gliosis in i by Image J. l. Protein levels of inflammatory factors in mouse brains detected by corresponding Elisa kits. For b–g, i, k, l, data are mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test for multiple groups was used for statistical analysis. ns, no significance; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001and ****p < 0.0001