Fig. 5From: Gene-expression profiling of individuals resilient to Alzheimer's disease reveals higher expression of genes related to metallothionein and mitochondrial processes and no changes in the unfolded protein responseValidation of metallothionein, mitochondrial changes and SNORD114-6 with IHC or in situ. A Representative images of metallothionein levels the control, AD and resilient groups. B Quantification of metallothionein immunoreactivity (MT-ir). MT-ir is significantly increased in resilient compared to control cases (A–B: F(2,22) = 5.29, p = 0.0008, AD versus control; p = 0.964, resilient versus control; p = 0.001, resilient versus AD; p = 0.003) C Representative images of mitochondria using MT-CO1. D Quantification of the proportion of OD from MT-CO1 in and outside of the soma. The proportion of MT-CO1 outside compared to inside of the soma is significantly larger in the resilient compared to the control cases (F(2,22) = 3.87 p = 0.036, AD versus control; p = 0.387, resilient versus control; p = 0.028, resilient versus AD; p = 0.299). E Fluorescent IHC stains show that metallothionein (green) is present in GFAP-positive astrocytes (red). Double-labeled astrocytes are denoted with an arrow, nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). F–G MTCO1 (green) is primarily present in NeuN-positive neurons (red) and less in Iba1-positive microglia (white) or GFAP-positive astrocytes (red). Double-labeled astrocytes are denoted with an arrow and neurons with an asterisk, nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). H Normalized counts of SNORD114-6 in the different groups. I In situ signal of SNORD114-6 in the nucleolus in neurons. J Relative gene expression of SNORD114-6 with qPCR. There are no statistical differences between the groups. Scale bars in all panels are 50 µm. Data of IHC is represented as average ± SEM, in situ as relative gene expression to housekeeping genes. p < 0.05: *, p < 0.01: **Back to article page