Table 5 Summary of studies that involved modulation of tau propagation
Experimental animal; age at inoculation | Time of termination | Pathological tau (mass; volume) | Brain region of isolation | Application; injection region (coordinates from bregma) | Speed of application | Pathology | Propagation | Modulation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHR72 (2N4R, truncated tau aa151–391; SHR); 2 m | 4 m PI | Sarkosyl insoluble AD-tau (0.6 & 0.9 µg; 1.5 µl/site) | Parietal cortex | Bilateral; Hippocampus (A/P =  − 3.6 mm; L =  + / − 2.0 mm; D/V = 3.3 mm) | 1.25 μl/min | NFT-like | Ipsilateral CA1, CA2, CA3 | Enriched environment reduced tau pathology | [107] |
P301S (1N4R; P301S tau; C57BL/6); 4–4.5 m | 2 m PI | Sarkosyl insoluble AD-tau (0.3 µg; 3 µl) | Cerebral cortex | Unilateral; Hippocampus (A/P = -2.5, L =  + 2 mm, D/V = -1.8 mm) | NA | NFT-like | Ipsi- & contralateral hippocampus | Chronic intermittent hypoxia enhanced tau pathology | [86] |
PS19 (1N4R; P301S; C57BL/6); 3 m | 2 m PI | Myc tagged K18(4R)/P301L tau PFFs (333 μM; 5 μl) | Synthetic | Unilateral; Frontal cortex (A/P =  + 2.0 mm, L =  + 1.4 mm, D/V =  − 1.0 mm) | 1 μl/min | NFT-like | Cortex | Inhibition NLRP3–ASC or knock out for ASC reduced tau propagation | [142] |
PS19 (1N4R; P301S; C57BL/6); 3 m + MCC950 (Inhibitor of NLRP3–ASC) | |||||||||
PS19 ASC (1N4R; P301S & ASC + / + ; C57BL/6); 3 m | |||||||||
PS19 ASC KO (1N4R; P301S & ASC -/-; C57BL/6); 3Â m | |||||||||
PS19 (1N4R; P301S-tau; C57BL/6); 3.5 m | 4.5 m PI | K18(4R)/P301L tauu PFFs (333 μM; 5 μl) | Synthetic | Unilateral; Hippocampus (A/P =−2.0 mm, L =  + 1.4 mm, D/V =−1.4 mm) Frontal cortex (A/P =  + 2.0 mm, L =  + 1.4 mm, D/V =−1.0 mm) | 1 μl/min | Inclusions | Ipsilateral hippocampus & frontal cortex | Absence of NLRP3 led to reduction in tau propagation | [143] |
PS19 NLRP3 KO (1N4R; P301S-tau & NLRP3 -/-; C57BL/6); 3.5Â m | |||||||||
PS19 NLRP3 (1N4R; P301S-tau & NLRP3 + / + ; C57BL/6); 3.5 m | |||||||||
PS19 (1N4R; P301S; C57BL/6); 3 m PS19 (1N4R; P301S; C57BL/6); 3 m  + colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX5622) PS19, Ikbkb inactivation (1N4R; P301S; Ikbkb -/-, C57BL/6); 3 m PS19, Ikbkb activation (1N4R; P301S; Cx3cr1 CreERT2/ + ; IkbkbCAF/F), 3 m | 1 m PI | Brain homogenates from PSP (12.9 μg; 3 μl) | NA | Unilateral; Hippocampus (A/P =  − 2.5 mm, L =  + 2 mm, D/V =   − 1.8 mm) | NA | Inclusions | Ipsilateral hippocampus & cortex Ipsilateral hippocampus & cortex Ipsilateral cortex Ipsilateral hippocampus | Removal of microglia or inactivation of NF-kB reduced tau propagation in the cortex, activation of NF-kB increase tau propagation in the hippocampus | [159] |
K18 P301L tau (5 μg; 2 μl) | Synthetic | ||||||||
K18 P301L tau) (0.4 μg; 2 μl) | |||||||||
PS19 (1N4R; P301S; C57BL/6); | 2 m PI | rTg4510 brain homogenates (NA; 2 μL) | NA | Unilateral; Hippocampus (A/P =  − 2.5 mm, L =  − 2 mm, D/V =  − 1.8 mm) | NA | NFT-like | Ipsi- & contralateral hippocampus | Absence of Atg7 enhanced tau pathology | [167] |
PS19 Atg7 KO (1N4R; P301S Atg7fl/fl and Cx3cr1CreER; C57BL/6); 2–3 m | |||||||||
5xFAD/PS19 (1N4R; P301S; C57BL/6);4 m | 3 m PI | Heparin-treated K18(4R)/P301L tau PFFs (333 µM; 5µL) | Synthetic | Unilateral; Hippocampus (A/P =  − 2.0 mm, L =  + 1.4 mm, D/V =  − 1.4 mm) Overlying frontal cortex (A/P =  + 2.0 mm, L =  + 1.4 mm, D/V =  − 1.0 mm) | 1 µl/min | NFT-like | Ipsi- & contralateral hippocampus & frontal cortex | Depletion of microglia attenuates Aβ‑facilitated tau pathology and neurodegeneration | [103] |