Fig. 1

Characterization of DMD muscle phenotype. a Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining of Control (Ctr) and DMD muscles at different time points. Blue arrows represent necrotic fibers. Black stars represent hypercontracted fibers (scale bar = 50 μm). b Histopathologic index calculated on H&E stainings of Ctr and DMD biopsies at different time points. c Quantification of necrotic fibers of Ctr and DMD muscle from H&E. d Quantification of fibers with internalized nuclei on DMD and control biopsies at different time points. e Quantification of hypercontracted fibers on DMD and Ctr biopsies. f Representative immunofluorescence for CD45 (red), Laminin (green) in Ctr and DMD quadriceps at 7 years. Nuclei are counterstained with DAPI (blue) (scale bar = 20 μm). g) Quantification of inflammatory cells CD45-positive per mm² in DMD and Ctr biopsies at different time points. Pvalues were calculated by Mann–Whitney tests comparing control and DMD groups within the same age range