Fig. 3

The proinflammatory factors, IL-1α, TNF-α and C1q trigger the release of mitotoxic Cer-enriched EVs from astrocytes. A Numbers of EVs per cell measured by NTA after stimulation of astrocytes without (resting astrocytes) or with combination of C1q, TNF-α and IL-1α (reactive astrocytes). Bar graphs represent N = 3/group. Unpaired t-test (*p < 0.05). B Number of CD9-captured EVs. N = 3/group. Unpaired t-test (*p < 0.05). C Representative images for Cer positive EVs in CD9 capture spots. Quantification of Cer + EVs. Bar graphs represent N = 3/group. Unpaired t-test (***p < 0.001). D and E) Bioenergetics of neuronal cells incubated with EVs of resting or reactive astrocytes assessed by Seahorse Flux Analyzer using Cell Mito Stress test. Lines represent average ± SD and Box and Whiskers plot of N = 3/group. Unpaired t-test (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001)