Fig. 1

Study population and an overview of workflow. The 5hmC and transcriptomic profiles obtained in tissue samples from a set of patients with grade 4 gliomas (n = 61) and normal controls (n = 9) are investigated for grade 4 gliomas-associated expression and 5hmC, as well as co-regulated modules by interaction type (i.e., mRNA–mRNA, 5hmC–5hmC, 5hmC–mRNA). The 5hmC-derived prognostic scores based on co-regulated modules are explored for patient overall survival using machine learning algorithms, such as elastic net and random forest, and the Cox proportional hazards model. 5hmC: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, C-index: Harrell’s C-index (the concordance index)