Fig. 2
The origin of glioblastoma. During normal embryonic development and in the adult brain, normal neural stem cells generate glial and neuronal cells. Glioblastoma stem cells may arise from neural stem cells and/or glial precursor cells through the activation of oncogenic pathways. They may also originate from neural crest (NC)-derived, pMSC. During development, the NC arises from the neural tube and its component cells migrate and invade virtually all tissues, giving rise to numerous differentiated cells, such as pMSC, melanocytes, chondrocytes, peripheral neuronal and glial cells, thyroid C cells, and adrenergic cells (created with Biorender.com)