Fig. 1

Microglia express functional markers in the normal and ALS post-mortem human motor cortex and hippocampus. Two rounds of immunohistochemical labelling were used to visualise microglial, anatomical, and pathological markers in the motor cortex (A–H) and hippocampus (I–P) from human ALS (stage 4 shown) and neurologically normal control cases. Round 1 was comprised of microglial markers, including L-ferritin (green), HLA-DR (magenta), CD68 (red), CD74 (yellow), and Iba1 (cyan), with a Hoechst nuclear counterstain (blue) (A-B, E–F, I–J, M–N). Round 2 was comprised of pathological and anatomical markers, including pTDP-43 (green), NeuN (magenta), GFAP (red), and lectin (yellow) with a Hoechst nuclear counterstain (blue) (C–D, G–H, K–L, O–P). Images from rounds 1 and 2 were aligned using the Hoechst nuclear counterstain. Scale bars (A, C, E, I, K, M, O) = 100 µm and scale bars (B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P) = 20 µm