Fig. 7

Morphological abnormalities in the retina of APP/PS1 mice. a Representatives images showing the immunoreactivity for Aβ (scale bar, 20 µm) in the retina of 6- and 12-month-old wt and APP/PS1 mice. In the wt retina, Aβ localizes to the cytoplasm of few RGCs (arrow), but in APP/PS1 mice, Aβ expression is markedly higher in RGCs (arrow), and is also clearly detectable in other neuronal populations (arrowhead). b, c Representative confocal images showing immunostaining of ChAT (scale bar, 50 µm) in the retina of wt and APP/PS1 mice and c quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity of ChAT staining (n = 3–5 mice per group). d, e Representative confocal images showing immunostaining of GAD67 (scale bar 50 µm) in the retina wt and APP/PS1 mice and e quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity of GAD67 staining (n = 3 mice per group). Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05; ****p < 0.0001 using two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test. RGCs retinal ganglion cells, ChAT choline acetyltransferase, wt wild type