Fig. 1

SCF + G-CSF-repeated treatment in the chronic phase of TBI improves neurological function. a Experimental flowchart. SC, subcutaneous injection. SG/S + G, SCF + G-CSF treatment. b Data of the water maze test. Note that SCF + G-CSF-repeated treatments in the chronic phase of severe TBI significantly improve spatial learning function. The black dot illustrates the location of the platform. Two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. c Data of the adhesive tape removal test. Note that SCF + G-CSF-repeated treatments in the chronic phase of severe TBI significantly improve somatosensory-motor function. One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. d Data of the Rotarod test. Note that there is no improvement after SCF + G-CSF treatment. Two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test. Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, ^#p < 0.05, ^&p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ^&&p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ^###p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Sham: n = 7–8, vehicle: n = 9–10, SCF + G-CSF-single treatment: n = 10, SCF + G-CSF-repeated treatment: n = 10