Fig. 3

Vasogenic cerebral edema in glioblastoma. Schematic illustration of the cell populations and soluble factors that regulate glioblastoma-associated vasogenic cerebral edema in the perivascular area. Magenta color indicates the tumor, while yellow color shows edema surrounding the tumor. Edema causes additional mass effects, often exceeding the mass induced by the tumor itself. When secreted in the perivascular areas, IL-1β [3] and MMPs [79] produced by TAMs, and VEGFA [166] produced by TAMs and tumor cells, increase vascular permeability and edema formation