Fig. 1

Characterization of four AD brains displaying different amyloid pathology. Brains from four clinically confirmed AD patients were characterized for Aβ deposition using immunohistochemistry and ELISA. a–d Brain slices from patients AD60129, AD60068, AD60649 and AD51486 were immunostained to assess Aβ deposition. Insets represent higher magnifications of representative amyloid plaques in each specimen. e–h Thioflavin S (ThS) staining for the same samples described above. Characterization for brain 58652 (non-demented) is provided in [46]. g–j Double staining using ThS (green) and anti-SMA antibody (red) was performed to study the presence of vascular Aβ in human samples. (M) Image analysis quantification (% burden) of Aβ pathology in samples AD60129, AD60068, AD60649 and AD51486. (N–O) Aβ₄₀ and Aβ₄₂ was serially extracted in PBS, SDS and FA as explained in Materials and Methods. Aβ peptides in each fraction were measured by human-specific Aβ ELISA kits. Data values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Data from (M) was obtained from multiple tissue slices and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison post-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001