Fig. 5

LM11A-31 treatment attenuates neuronal degeneration. a Images reconstructed from Neurolucida tracings of Golgi-stained hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron dendritic segments from 6- and 9-month-old mice. Scale bar, 50 µm. b–f Quantitative analyses of dendritic spine densities. For 6-month aged mice, three neurons/mouse with four mice/condition, n = 12 neurons from each group. For 9-month age mice, three neurons/mouse with three mice/condition, n = 9 neurons from each group. b Statistical significance was determined using student t testing for age 6 months and ANOVA with post hoc Sidak’s multiple comparisons testing for age 9 months, c–f Cumulative frequency distributions of dendritic spine density. Statistical significance was determined by pairwise two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov testing. p value comparisons are indicated. g Hippocampal synaptosomal protein extracts were assessed by western blots. The ratio of each synaptic protein to actin was determined; n = 6–11 mice, with four independent western blots averaged per animal. Statistical significance was determined using Kruskal–Wallis testing with post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons testing. h Images reconstructed from Neurolucida tracings of pyramidal neurons from 6- and 9-month old mice. Scale bar = 10 µm. i, j For neurite Sholl ring intersection analyses, numbers of neurons assessed were as follows: 6-month mice, three neurons/mouse with four mice/condition, n = 12 neurons from each group; 9-month mice, three neurons/mouse with three mice/condition, n = 9 neurons from each group. Statistical significance between groups was analyzed by three-way ANOVA (described in Results). k, l Branching index analysis of Sholl intersection data. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA, p-values are indicated. m Nissl-stained coronal sections with regions selected for hippocampal volume measurements outlined. n Hippocampal volume analysis. One-way ANOVA with Sidak’s post hoc multiple comparison testing, n = 10–13 mice per group