Fig. 4

Elevated metabolic state in Dhtkd1^Y486*/Y486* mice. a The rate of carbon dioxide production (VCO₂) to oxygen consumption (VO₂) - respiratory exchange ratio (RER) - was demonstrated to be elevated in the mt/mt mice in comparison to the wt mice. The quantification of RER ratio is shown in b. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM of at least two independent experiments (wild type, n = 8; mutant, n = 8) over 24 h after 12 h acclimation to the metabolic chamber. Statistical significance was determined by a two-tailed Students t-test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). c Relative level of Dgkg mRNA expression level determined by real-time PCR in wt and mt/mt mice. d Relative level of Lipin2 mRNA expression level was shown to be significantly downregulated in mt/mt in comparison to wt mice using real-time PCR. e Schematic illustration showing major components regulating the triglyceride (TG) association with diacylglyceride (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) interconnected pathways. No significant difference was observed between mt/mt and wt mice in terms of f serum glucose levels, g high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or h low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. i Total cholesterol (T-CHO) was significantly reduced in mt/mt versus wt mice j. Additionally, triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly reduced in mt/mt versus wt mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by a two-tailed Students t-test (*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001)