Fig. 6

Extracellular vesicles (EV) isolated from human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia (iMG) reduce neuroinflammation. a, b Immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy and 3D algorithm-based quantification for the IBA-1⁺ cells (IBA-1, green; blue, DAPI nuclear counter stain) show that neither chronic ADR treatment, nor retro-orbital vein injections of iMG-EV altered the IBA-1⁺ microglial population in the hippocampus (DH, dentate hilus; GCL, granule cell layer). ADR treated mice (a, middle panel) show amoeboid morphology (white arrows) characteristic of microglial activation. c, d Chronic treatment with ADR elevated CD68⁺ activated microglia in the hippocampus (DH, dentate hilus; GCL, granule cell layer). iMG-EV injections significantly reduced the CD68 immunoreactivity indicating attenuation of inflammation. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 6 mice per group). *, P < 0.001 compared with ADR group. P values were derived from ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Scale bars: a 20 μm and c 40 μm