Fig. 1
From: Understanding the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy: state of the art and future perspectives
Alpha-synuclein in the pathogenesis of MSA. a Putative mechanisms leading to α-syn intracellular accumulation, including SNCA CpG islands hypomethylation, transcription factors, lncRNAs, miRNAs, impaired lysosomal and proteasomal machineries. b Neuron-oligodendrocyte interaction mechanisms potentially involved in α-syn accumulation: oligodendroglial α-syn uptake from surrounding neurons and extracellular environment through endocytosis and passive transmembrane diffusion. Met = methyl group; TF = transcription factor; miRNAs = microRNAs; lncRNAs = long-non-coding RNAs