Fig. 4From: Endothelial edema precedes blood-brain barrier breakdown in early time points after experimental focal cerebral ischemiaAt the level of electron microscopy, the described scores of vascular damage are used to quantitatively address vascular alterations at an ultrastructural level. a Mean score of analyzed vessels in contralateral control areas (ctrl), and ischemia-affected striatal and cortical areas of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h pMCAO animals. Further, analysis included 4 h tMCAO animals, representing the reperfusion scenario. b-f Comparison of the relative numbers of ischemia-affected vascular damage (score 0–4). Importantly, the relative number of vessels showing an unaffected endothelial cells (score 0) is found to decrease from 30 min to 4 h pMCAO animals. Of note, as soon as 30 min after ischemia onset, up to 60% of the analyzed vessels show signs of an endothelial edema (c, score 1). In line, more severe scores (score 2 & 3) are found to be significantly increased when comparing 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h pMCAO animals. f An extravasation of erythrocytes was restricted to 4 h pMCAO and tMCAO animals, but appeared to be a rare event. Of note, for all the described scores, a direct comparison between 4 h pMCAO and 4 h tMCAO animals did not reveal statistically significant differences. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; 30 min, 1 h, 2 h pMCAO and 4 h tMCAO: n = 4; 4 h pMCAO: n = 5; ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test. Data are given as means. Error bars indicate SDBack to article page