Fig. 1

Examples of TDP-43 immunohistochemistry performed with the most commonly used antibodies against non-phosphorylated TDP-43 (a,b: Proteintech 10,782–2-AP), and phosphorylated TDP-43 (c,d: EMD Millipore clone 1D3) in the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers (ADCs) that contribute to the NACC neuropathology dataset. These sections are counterstained with hematoxylin (blue-stained nuclei). Shown are portions of dentate granule cells from the hippocampi of cases without TDP-43 pathology (a,c) which are contrasted against cases with detectable TDP-43 pathology (b,d). In normal brains, non-phosphorylated TDP-43 protein is seen in cell nuclei (a). In cases with TDP-43 pathology, the non-phosphorylated TDP-43 protein can be seen in some cells’ cytoplasm instead of the cell nucleus (b). The antibody against phosphorylated TDP-43 protein shows no brown reaction product in normal brain (c), with only the hematoxylin (blue) counterstain evident. By contrast, there are clearly intracellular aggregates (brown-colored chromagen) of phosphorylated TDP-43 protein in panel (d). Scale bars = 30 μm