Fig. 2

GENZ treatment increases IR signaling in mHippoE-14 neurons. a GENZ treatment increases IR phosphorylation, as shown by IR-co-IP and subsequent phospho-tyrosine staining (n = 4). Bands of vehicle- and GENZ-treated mHippoE-14 cells were derived from the same membrane and the same film exposure. b Proximity ligation assay (PLA) confirms that GENZ treatment enhances insulin-dependent IR tyrosine phosphorylation (IR/pTyr; n = 49–69 cells). c IRS-1 and IRS-2 levels are increased in GENZ-treated cells (n = 4). d Grb-2 and p-ERK/ERK are increased in GENZ-treated cells (Grb-2: n = 4, pERK/ERK: n = 8). e p85, p-AKT, AKT, p-Gsk3β, and Gsk3β are not changed by GENZ treatment (n = 4). Cells were treated with either saline or 100 nM insulin for 3 min ((a) – (b)) or 10 min ((c) – (e)). Unpaired two-tailed student’s t-test (if p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, or p ≤ 0.001 results are marked with (*),(**) or (***), respectively). Means ± SEM. Scale bar: 10 μm