Fig. 4

Patients’ brain lesions show markers of oxidative stress and GCLC expression. Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) in control brain sections (gray and white matter) and TSC patients’ brain sections (cortical tubers and SEGAs). Arrows point to dysmorphic neurons, giant cells, and enlarged SEGA cells. Cell nuclei are stained with hematoxylin. Insets show higher magnification. Scale bar: 80 μm. For additional controls, see Additional file 3: Figure S2