Fig. 3

TsSP induce patrolling motility behaviour in human monocytes and increase LFA-1 avidity. Addition of TsSP (40 μg/ml) to primary human monocytes instantly induces chemokine-independent cell motility resembling patrolling monocytes as determined by live cell imaging. a Snap shot of control (left) or TsSP-treated monocytes (right). b Quantification of 2-dimensional motility (10 h) as well as travelled distance by using Image J. c Flow cytometry analysis and quantification of LFA-1 (total, avidity and affinity) expression levels on human monocytes in the presence or absence of TsSP (40 μg/ml). d Monocyte motility assays were performed in the presence or absence of NSC-23766 (Rac inhibitor) or Y27632 (Rho Kinase inhibitor). Experiments were performed in triplicate using cells derived from 8 (a and b) or 5 (c and d) different human donors and the results are presented as the mean +/− SEM. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 or ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 (compared to control) as determined by ANOVA and Students t test