Table 1 Reported angiogenesis-related changes in serum, CSF and PBMCs of MS patients
From: Angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
| Angiogenesis related molecules | Serum | CSF | PBMCs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF-A | ↑ | [12],[59],[255] | ↓ | [53],[63] | ↓ | [59],[63] |
| VEGF-D | ↑ | [256] | ||||
| VEGF-R3 | ↑ | [256] | ||||
| Angiopoietin-2 | ↑ | [256] | ||||
| Basic FGF | ↑ | [12] | ↑ | [257] | ||
| Endothelin-1 | ↑ | [85],[184] | ↑ | [185] | ↑ | [258] |
| Nitric oxide and NOS | ↑ | [259] | ↑ | [111],[185] | ↑ | [260] |
| TNF-α | ↑ | [261] | ↑ | [258],[262],[263] | ↑ | [264]–[266] |
| TGF-β | ↑ | [267] | ↑ | [268] | ↓ | [269] |
| ↓ | [268] | |||||
| IFN-γ | ↑ | [270] | ↑ | [75] | ↑ | [265],[269] |
| MMP-2 | ↑ | [271] | ↑ | [272] | ↑ | [273] |
| MMP-9 | ↑ | [271],[274] | ↑ | [275],[276] | ↑ | [273] |
| TIMP-1 | ↑ | [274] | ↓ | [277] | ↓ | [278] |
| sCD146 | ↑ | [279] | ||||