High-grade childhood intra-parenchymal brain tumor clustering with ATRT and expanding the cancer spectrum related to inherited SMARCE1 truncating variations

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ publi cdoma in/ zero/1. 0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Letter to the Editor SMARCE1 (SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1) is a constant component of the SWI/SNF (SWItch/ Sucrose Non-Fermentable) chromatin remodeling complexes. While heterozygous missense variants are responsible for the rare genotype of Coffin-Siris syndrome, heterozygous truncating variants predispose individuals to an increased risk of clear cell meningiomas (CCM) that occur from childhood to adulthood. Here we report an undescribed supra-tentorial intra-parenchymal malignant tumor with an inherited heterozygous truncating variant of SMARCE1, and thereby expand the spectrum of SMARCE1-related cancer predisposition syndrome. A 4-year-old child without congenital abnormality and normal development was addressed for seizures. MRI revealed a 40 × 33 × 30 mm right temporal tumor. There was no family history of tumor, especially no brain tumor or meningioma. The tumor was not dura matter based on imaging and on per-operative findings. Complete resection was performed. The patient was treated by radiotherapy and temozolomide. After 30 months of follow-up the tumor did not relapse. Histopathological findings showed a highly cellular tumor devoid of specific pattern. Tumor cells were small to medium sized with moderate amount of cytoplasm. There was no clear cell morphology neither rhabdoid cells. More than 20 mitoses/2mm2, endothelial proliferation and necrosis were observed. Automated immunohistochemistry demonstrated labeling of tumor cells by Olig2 (AF2418, R1D Systems) stained most of tumor cells, GFAP (6F2, Dako), synaptophysin (DAK-SYNAP, Dako), EMA (E29, Dako) in 10% of tumor cells, alpha smooth actin (1A4, Dako) stained most of tumor cells, and p53 (DO-7, Dako) diffusely stained tumor cells, Vimentin (V9, Dako) diffusely stained tumor cells. There was no staining by SSTR2A (ab134152, Abcam), IDH1R132H (H09, Dianova), H3K27M (K27M, SigmaAldrich), LIN28(A177, Cell Signaling), NFKappaB (D14E12, Cell Signaling), Internexine Alpha (BB300-140, Novus), AE1AE3 (AE1/AE3, Dako-Agilent), FGFR3 (SC13121, Santa Cruz), CD34 (QBEnd 10, Beckman Coulter) antibodies. There was no loss of ATRX (poly, SigmaAldrich) H3K27me3 (H3K27Me3, Sigma-Aldrich), BAF47 (25/BAF47, BD Biosciences), BRG1 (ab110641, Abcam). Ki67 (MIB1, Dako) stained 80% of tumor cells. Given the absence of definite diagnosis, we next investigated whether molecular characterization could help classify the tumor. Methylation profiling (Illumina EPIC Human Methylation microarray) failed to classify the Open Access

Letter to the Editor SMARCE1 (SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1) is a constant component of the SWI/SNF (SWItch/ Sucrose Non-Fermentable) chromatin remodeling complexes. While heterozygous missense variants are responsible for the rare genotype of Coffin-Siris syndrome, heterozygous truncating variants predispose individuals to an increased risk of clear cell meningiomas (CCM) that occur from childhood to adulthood. Here we report an undescribed supra-tentorial intra-parenchymal malignant tumor with an inherited heterozygous truncating variant of SMARCE1, and thereby expand the spectrum of SMARCE1-related cancer predisposition syndrome.
A 4-year-old child without congenital abnormality and normal development was addressed for seizures. MRI revealed a 40 × 33 × 30 mm right temporal tumor. There was no family history of tumor, especially no brain tumor or meningioma. The tumor was not dura matter based on imaging and on per-operative findings. Complete resection was performed. The patient was treated by radiotherapy and temozolomide. After 30 months of follow-up the tumor did not relapse.
Histopathological findings showed a highly cellular tumor devoid of specific pattern. Tumor cells were small to medium sized with moderate amount of cytoplasm. There was no clear cell morphology neither rhabdoid cells. More than 20 mitoses/2mm 2 , endothelial proliferation and necrosis were observed. The chromosome CNV profile showed a complex profile unlikely found in ATRT or clear cell meningioma. It also revealed an isodisomy of the whole chromosome 17 where SMARCE1 and TP53 genes are located. Besides, the relatively complex genomic profile and the mutation in TP53 are not consistent with typical ATRT since those tumors most generally harbor a very simple profile and no PV except SMARCB1 or SMARCA4 alterations. Targeted mRNA sequencing (FusionPLex Comprehensive Panel, ArcherDx) on formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded material did not show any fusion gene.
The presence of a SMARCE1 biallelic PV in a brain tumor occurring at 4 years prompted us to test the germline DNA, which confirmed that the child was bearing the heterozygous PV in the lymphocytes. The familial screening revealed that the PV was inherited from the child's unaffected father (54 years old at diagnosis).
Truncating germline variants of SMARCE1 are so far restrictedly associated to CCM inferring a central role of this gene to CCM oncogenesis [4]. To the best of our  knowledge, the only other brain tumor reported in the context of SMARCE1 PV was an anaplastic astrocytoma occurring in a child with a Coffin-Siris syndrome and demonstrating a missense heterozygous PV [3]. The biallelic hit resulting in the loss of protein expression [5] further argues in favor of a driver role of SMARCE1 in our case. Thus, the tumor we report enlarges the spectrum of SMARCE1-related brain tumors to a so far undescribed high-grade neoplasm. Indeed, a CCM could be formally ruled out because the tumor was not dura matter based, microscopic findings are not consistent with clear cell meningioma, immunohistochemical features were those of a tumor without SSTR2A expression and methylation profiling was clearly in disfavor of this diagnosis. Furthermore complex CNV profile was found whereas recurrent chromosomal aberrations in CCM are chromosome 17q (segmental) loss, chromosome 6q loss and chromosome 22q loss. Interestingly, the methylation profiling was the most related to ATRT, which may indicate some kindship with this family of tumors due to SWI/SNF deficiency [2]. Besides, the relatively complex genomic profile and the mutation in TP53 are not consistent with typical ATRT, those tumors most generally harboring a very simple profile and no PV other than SMARCB1 or SMARCA4 alterations. Nevertheless, given the association of mutations in SWI/SNF proteins with ATRT and the close clustering of the tumor with ATRTs in methylation analysis, it is not possible to formally exclude that this tumor could be an ATRT with a SMARCE1 mutation (Fig. 1). Altogether, this case expands the spectrum of SWI/ SNF altered related tumors and of SMARCE1-related predisposition syndrome. Whether this risk should impact genetic counseling and tumor surveillance will depend on potential further reports of similar findings in individuals with SMARCE1 germline truncating variants.