Articles

Correction to: Optic nerve thinning and neurosensory retinal degeneration in the rTg4510 mouse model of frontotemporal dementia

In the original publication of this article [1], the funding acknowledgement for grant “Alzheimer Society Research Program (ASRP) from the Alzheimer Society of Canada” was missing.

Authors: Ian F. Harrison, Rozalind Whitaker, Pietro Maria Bertelli, James M. O’Callaghan, Lajos Csincsik, Jack A. Wells, Martina Bocchetta, Da Ma, Alice Fisher, Zeshan Ahmed, Tracey K. Murray, Michael J. O’Neill, Jonathan D. Rohrer, Mark F. Lythgoe and Imre Lengyel

Glial pathology and retinal neurotoxicity in the anterior visual pathway in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used extensively in the past to test mechanisms that target peripheral immune cells for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). While the...

Authors: Jing Jin, Matthew D. Smith, Calvin J. Kersbergen, Tae-In Kam, Mayuri Viswanathan, Kyle Martin, Ted M. Dawson, Valina L. Dawson, Donald J. Zack, Katharine Whartenby and Peter A. Calabresi

A soluble tau fragment generated by caspase-2 is associated with dementia in Lewy body disease

Lewy body diseases are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by Lewy bodies in the brain. Lewy body dementia (LBD) refers to two forms of Lewy body disease: Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PDD) and deme...

Authors: Benjamin R. Smith, Kathryn M. Nelson, Lisa J. Kemper, Kailee Leinonen-Wright, Ashley Petersen, C. Dirk Keene and Karen H. Ashe

Phase I and phase II sonidegib and vismodegib clinical trials for the treatment of paediatric and adult MB patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumour in children but also rarely occur in adults. Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) driven MB is associated with aberrant activation of the SHH signalling pathway. ...

Authors: Yuchen Li, Qingkun Song and Bryan W. Day

A soluble truncated tau species related to cognitive dysfunction and caspase-2 is elevated in the brain of Huntington’s disease patients

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Involuntary movements, cognitive impairment and psychiatric disturbance are the major clinical manifestations, and gradual atrophy and sele...

Authors: Peng Liu, Benjamin R. Smith, Eric S. Huang, Abhishek Mahesh, Jean Paul G. Vonsattel, Ashley J. Petersen, Rocio Gomez-Pastor and Karen H. Ashe

Correction to: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in two former Australian National Rugby League players

In the original publication of this article [1] the term ‘National Rugby League (NRL)’ was used to refer to professional rugby league competition sport in Australia. The term should have read ‘professional rugby ...

Authors: Michael E. Buckland, Joanne Sy, Istvan Szentmariay, Alexandra Kullen, Maggie Lee, Antony Harding, Glenda Halliday and Catherine M. Suter

Establishing a prognostic threshold for total copy number variation within adult IDH-mutant grade II/III astrocytomas

Authors: Kanish Mirchia, Matija Snuderl, Kristyn Galbraith, Kimmo J. Hatanpaa, Jamie M. Walker and Timothy E. Richardson

Soluble aggregates present in cerebrospinal fluid change in size and mechanism of toxicity during Alzheimer’s disease progression

Soluble aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) have been associated with neuronal and synaptic loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, despite significant recent progress, the mechanisms by which these aggregated spe...

Authors: Suman De, Daniel R. Whiten, Francesco S. Ruggeri, Craig Hughes, Margarida Rodrigues, Dimitrios I. Sideris, Christopher G. Taylor, Francesco A. Aprile, Serge Muyldermans, Tuomas P. J. Knowles, Michele Vendruscolo, Clare Bryant, Kaj Blennow, Ingmar Skoog, Silke Kern, Henrik Zetterberg…

Dramatic response of BRAF V600E-mutant epithelioid glioblastoma to combination therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitor: establishment and xenograft of a cell line to predict clinical efficacy

Epithelioid glioblastoma is a rare aggressive variant of glioblastoma (GBM) characterized by a dismal prognosis of about 6 months and frequent leptomeningeal dissemination. A recent study has revealed that 50%...

Authors: Yu Kanemaru, Manabu Natsumeda, Masayasu Okada, Rie Saito, Daiki Kobayashi, Takeyoshi Eda, Jun Watanabe, Shoji Saito, Yoshihiro Tsukamoto, Makoto Oishi, Hirotake Saito, Masayuki Nagahashi, Takahiro Sasaki, Rintaro Hashizume, Hidefumi Aoyama, Toshifumi Wakai…

Mice deficient in the C-terminal domain of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 develop age-dependent motor dysfunction associated with impaired Notch1−Akt signaling pathway

Intracellular mislocalization of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), a nuclear DNA/RNA-binding protein involved in RNA metabolism, is a pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although t...

Authors: Kohei Nishino, Seiji Watanabe, Jin Shijie, Yuri Murata, Kotaro Oiwa, Okiru Komine, Fumito Endo, Hitomi Tsuiji, Manabu Abe, Kenji Sakimura, Amit Mishra and Koji Yamanaka

Cross-examining candidate genes implicated in multiple system atrophy

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the clinical triad of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and autonomic failure, impacting on striatonigral, olivopontocere...

Authors: Jared S. Katzeff, Katherine Phan, Sivaraman Purushothuman, Glenda M. Halliday and Woojin Scott Kim

Key role of UBQLN2 in pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia

Ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2) is a member of the ubiquilin family, actively implicated in the degradation of misfolded and redundant proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system and macroautophagy. UBQLN2 received ...

Authors: Laurence Renaud, Vincent Picher-Martel, Philippe Codron and Jean-Pierre Julien

Retinal pathology in experimental optic neuritis is characterized by retrograde degeneration and gliosis

The exact mechanisms and temporal sequence of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis are still unresolved. The visual pathway including its unmyelinated retinal axons, can serve as a prototypic model of neuro...

Authors: Praveena Manogaran, Marijana Samardzija, Anaïs Nura Schad, Carla Andrea Wicki, Christine Walker-Egger, Markus Rudin, Christian Grimm and Sven Schippling

C9orf72 intermediate expansions of 24–30 repeats are associated with ALS

The expansion of a hexanucleotide repeat GGGGCC in C9orf72 is the most common known cause of ALS accounting for ~ 40% familial cases and ~ 7% sporadic cases in the European population. In most people, the repe...

Authors: Alfredo Iacoangeli, Ahmad Al Khleifat, Ashley R. Jones, William Sproviero, Aleksey Shatunov, Sarah Opie-Martin, Karen E. Morrison, Pamela J. Shaw, Christopher E. Shaw, Isabella Fogh, Richard J. Dobson, Stephen J. Newhouse and Ammar Al-Chalabi

Reduction of ephrin-A5 aggravates disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons in the brainstem, spinal cord and motor cortex. ALS is characterized by genetic and clinical heterogeneity, s...

Authors: Laura Rué, Patrick Oeckl, Mieke Timmers, Annette Lenaerts, Jasmijn van der Vos, Silke Smolders, Lindsay Poppe, Antina de Boer, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Philip Van Damme, Jochen H. Weishaupt, Albert C. Ludolph, Markus Otto, Wim Robberecht and Robin Lemmens

Understanding the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy: state of the art and future perspectives

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a severe neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, dysautonomia and other motor and non-motor symptoms.

Authors: Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni and Alessio Di Fonzo

Complement-independent bystander injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica produced by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Cellular injury in AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis spectrum disorder (herein called NMO) involves AQP4-IgG binding to astrocytes, resulting in astrocyte injury by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) an...

Authors: Tianjiao Duan, Alex J. Smith and Alan S. Verkman

COX2 expression is associated with proliferation and tumor extension in vestibular schwannoma but is not influenced by acetylsalicylic acid intake

Acetylsalicylic acid has been linked to a lower risk for different cancer types, presumably through its inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase 2. This has also been investigated in vestibular schwannomas with pro...

Authors: Felix Behling, Vanessa Ries, Marco Skardelly, Irina Gepfner-Tuma, Martin Schuhmann, Florian-Heinrich Ebner, Ghazaleh Tabatabai, Antje Bornemann, Jens Schittenhelm and Marcos Tatagiba

An unusual recurrent high-grade glioneuronal tumor with MAP2K1 mutation and CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion

Authors: Barry Cheaney II, Stephen Bowden, Katie Krause, Emily A. Sloan, Arie Perry, David A. Solomon, Seunggu Jude Han and Matthew D. Wood

Intersection of pathological tau and microglia at the synapse

Tauopathies are a heterogenous class of diseases characterized by cellular accumulation of aggregated tau and include diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy and chronic traum...

Authors: Thomas Vogels, Adriana-Natalia Murgoci and Tomáš Hromádka

Nanomedicine-driven neuropathic pain relief in a rat model is associated with macrophage polarity and mast cell activation

We explored the immune neuropathology underlying multi-day relief from neuropathic pain in a rat model initiated at the sciatic nerve, by using a nanoemulsion-based nanomedicine as a biological probe. The nano...

Authors: Muzamil Saleem, Brooke Deal, Emily Nehl, Jelena M. Janjic and John A. Pollock

Restoration of histone acetylation ameliorates disease and metabolic abnormalities in a FUS mouse model

Dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms is emerging as a central event in neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In many models of neurodegeneration, global histone acetylat...

Authors: Elisabeth Rossaert, Eveliina Pollari, Tom Jaspers, Lawrence Van Helleputte, Matthew Jarpe, Philip Van Damme, Katrien De Bock, Matthieu Moisse and Ludo Van Den Bosch

Loss of USP18 in microglia induces white matter pathology

Authors: Marius Schwabenland, Omar Mossad, Adam G. Peres, Franziska Kessler, Feres Jose Mocayar Maron, Laura-Adela Harsan, Thomas Bienert, Dominik von Elverfeldt, Klaus-Peter Knobeloch, Ori Staszewski, Frank L. Heppner, Marije E. C. Meuwissen, Grazia M. S. Mancini, Marco Prinz and Thomas Blank

Alzheimer’s disease frequency peaks in the tenth decade and is lower afterwards

Age is the most robust risk factor for Alzheimer’s dementia, however there is little data on the relation of age to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other common neuropathologies that contribute to Alzheimer’s dem...

Authors: Jose M. Farfel, Lei Yu, Patricia A. Boyle, Sue Leurgans, Raj C. Shah, Julie A. Schneider and David A. Bennett

Response to the Letter from Garcia-Montojo and colleagues concerning our paper entitled, Quantitative analysis of human endogenous retrovirus-K transcripts in postmortem premotor cortex fails to confirm elevated expression of HERV-K RNA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Authors: Jeremy A. Garson, Louise Usher, Ammar Al-Chalabi, Jim Huggett, Edmund F. Day and Adele L. McCormick

Technical considerations in detection of HERV-K in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: selection of controls and the perils of qPCR

Authors: Marta Garcia-Montojo, Wenxue Li and Avindra Nath

C-terminal and full length TDP-43 specie differ according to FTLD-TDP lesion type but not genetic mutation

The transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is an intranuclear protein involved in RNA splicing. Abnormally deposited TDP-43 is found in the brains of patients with frontotemporal lobar deg...

Authors: Keith A. Josephs, Yong-Jie Zhang, Matthew Baker, Rosa Rademakers, Leonard Petrucelli and Dennis W. Dickson

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in two former Australian National Rugby League players

Authors: Michael E. Buckland, Joanne Sy, Istvan Szentmariay, Alexandra Kullen, Maggie Lee, Antony Harding, Glenda Halliday and Catherine M. Suter

Distribution differences in prognostic copy number alteration profiles in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma cause survival discrepancies across cohorts

The diagnosis and prognostication of glioblastoma (GBM) remain to be solely dependent on histopathological findings and few molecular markers, despite the clinical heterogeneity in this entity. To address this...

Authors: Toru Umehara, Hideyuki Arita, Ema Yoshioka, Tomoko Shofuda, Daisuke Kanematsu, Manabu Kinoshita, Yoshinori Kodama, Masayuki Mano, Naoki Kagawa, Yasunori Fujimoto, Yoshiko Okita, Masahiro Nonaka, Kosuke Nakajo, Takehiro Uda, Naohiro Tsuyuguchi, Junya Fukai…

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prion infection of human cerebral organoids

For the transmissible, neurogenerative family of prion diseases, few human models of infection exist and none represent structured neuronal tissue. Human cerebral organoids are self-organizing, three-dimension...

Authors: Bradley R. Groveman, Simote T. Foliaki, Christina D. Orru, Gianluigi Zanusso, James A. Carroll, Brent Race and Cathryn L. Haigh

Intrathecal delivery of recombinant AAV1 encoding hepatocyte growth factor improves motor functions and protects neuromuscular system in the nerve crush and SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse models

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neuromuscular disease resulting from motor neuron degeneration that causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually respiratory failure. We investigated whether...

Authors: Sang Hwan Lee, Subin Kim, Nayeon Lee, Junghun Lee, Seung Shin Yu, Jin Hong Kim and Sunyoung Kim

In vivo real-time dynamics of ATP and ROS production in axonal mitochondria show decoupling in mouse models of peripheral neuropathies

Mitochondria are critical for the function and maintenance of myelinated axons notably through Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. A direct by-product of this ATP production is reactive oxygen species (RO...

Authors: Gerben van Hameren, Graham Campbell, Marie Deck, Jade Berthelot, Benoit Gautier, Patrice Quintana, Roman Chrast and Nicolas Tricaud

Neutrophil extracellular trap induced by HMGB1 exacerbates damages in the ischemic brain

It has been reported that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play important roles in non-infectious diseases. In ischemic stroke, neutrophils infiltrate damaged brain tissue soon after injury and aggravate ...

Authors: Seung-Woo Kim, Hahnbie Lee, Hye-Kyung Lee, Il-Doo Kim and Ja-Kyeong Lee

Total copy number variation as a prognostic factor in adult astrocytoma subtypes

Since the discovery that IDH1/2 mutations confer a significantly better prognosis in astrocytomas, much work has been done to identify other molecular signatures to help further stratify lower-grade astrocytomas ...

Authors: Kanish Mirchia, Adwait Amod Sathe, Jamie M. Walker, Yelena Fudym, Kristyn Galbraith, Mariano S. Viapiano, Robert J. Corona, Matija Snuderl, Chao Xing, Kimmo J. Hatanpaa and Timothy E. Richardson

An integrative radiological, histopathological and molecular analysis of pediatric pontine histone-wildtype glioma with MYCN amplification (HGG-MYCN)

Authors: A. Tauziède-Espariat, M-A Debily, D. Castel, J. Grill, S. Puget, M. Sabel, K. Blomgren, A. Gareton, V. Dangouloff-Ros, E. Lechapt, N. Boddaert and P. Varlet

Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer’s disease pathology are associated with reduced cortical pTau and absence of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy in a community-based cohort

Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) is defined by progressive accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) neurofibrillary tangles across diverse regions of brain. Non-dem...

Authors: Caitlin S. Latimer, Bridget T. Burke, Nicole F. Liachko, Heather N. Currey, Mitchell D. Kilgore, Laura E. Gibbons, Jonathan Henriksen, Martin Darvas, Kimiko Domoto-Reilly, Suman Jayadev, Tom J. Grabowski, Paul K. Crane, Eric B. Larson, Brian C. Kraemer, Thomas D. Bird and C. Dirk Keene

Predictive MGMT status in a homogeneous cohort of IDH wildtype glioblastoma patients

Methylation of the O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter is predictive for treatment response in glioblastoma patients. However, precise predictive cutoff values to distinguish “MGMT methylated...

Authors: Josefine Radke, Arend Koch, Fabienne Pritsch, Elisa Schumann, Martin Misch, Claudia Hempt, Klaus Lenz, Franziska Löbel, Fabienne Paschereit, Frank L. Heppner, Peter Vajkoczy, Randi Koll and Julia Onken

High-throughput microscopy exposes a pharmacological window in which dual leucine zipper kinase inhibition preserves neuronal network connectivity

Therapeutic developments for neurodegenerative disorders are redirecting their focus to the mechanisms that contribute to neuronal connectivity and the loss thereof. Using a high-throughput microscopy pipeline...

Authors: Marlies Verschuuren, Peter Verstraelen, Gerardo García-Díaz Barriga, Ines Cilissen, Emma Coninx, Mieke Verslegers, Peter H. Larsen, Rony Nuydens and Winnok H. De Vos

Integrative analysis of DNA methylation suggests down-regulation of oncogenic pathways and reduced somatic mutation rates in survival outliers of glioblastoma

The study of survival outliers of glioblastoma can provide important clues on gliomagenesis as well as on the ways to alter clinical course of this almost uniformly lethal cancer type. However, there has been ...

Authors: Taeyoung Hwang, Dimitrios Mathios, Kerrie L. McDonald, Irene Daris, Sung-Hye Park, Peter C. Burger, Sojin Kim, Yun-Sik Dho, Hruban Carolyn, Chetan Bettegowda, Joo Heon Shin, Michael Lim and Chul-Kee Park

Transcriptome and proteome profiling of neural stem cells from the human subventricular zone in Parkinson’s disease

It is currently accepted that the human brain has a limited neurogenic capacity and an impaired regenerative potential. We have previously shown the existence of CD271-expressing neural stem cells (NSCs) in th...

Authors: Vanessa Donega, Saskia M. Burm, Miriam E. van Strien, Emma J. van Bodegraven, Iryna Paliukhovich, Hanneke Geut, Wilma D. J. van de Berg, Ka Wan Li, August B. Smit, Onur Basak and Elly M. Hol

Alzheimer’s disease neuropathological change and loss of matrix/neuropil in patients with idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, a model of Alzheimer’s disease

Here, we assessed unique brain tissue samples, obtained from living subjects with idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH). Our cohort of 95 subjects with age ranging from 75 to 79 years, displayed a hi...

Authors: Sylwia Libard and Irina Alafuzoff

c-MYC overexpression induces choroid plexus papillomas through a T-cell mediated inflammatory mechanism

Choroid plexus tumours (CPTs) account for 2–5% of brain tumours in children. They can spread along the neuraxis and can recur after treatment. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying their fo...

Authors: Ashirwad Merve, Xinyu Zhang, Nicola Pomella, Serena Acquati, Joerg D. Hoeck, Anaelle Dumas, Gabriel Rosser, Yichen Li, Jennie Jeyapalan, Silvia Vicenzi, Qianhai Fan, Zeng Jie Yang, Arianna Sabò, Denise Sheer, Axel Behrens and Silvia Marino

Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease revisited: accumulation of covalently-linked multimers of internal prion protein fragments

Despite their phenotypic heterogeneity, most human prion diseases belong to two broadly defined groups: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS). While the structural ch...

Authors: Laura Cracco, Xiangzhu Xiao, Satish K. Nemani, Jody Lavrich, Ignazio Cali, Bernardino Ghetti, Silvio Notari, Witold K. Surewicz and Pierluigi Gambetti

Complement 3⁺-astrocytes are highly abundant in prion diseases, but their abolishment led to an accelerated disease course and early dysregulation of microglia

Astrogliosis and activation of microglia are hallmarks of prion diseases in humans and animals. Both were viewed to be rather independent events in disease pathophysiology, with proinflammatory microglia consi...

Authors: Kristin Hartmann, Diego Sepulveda-Falla, Indigo V. L. Rose, Charlotte Madore, Christiane Muth, Jakob Matschke, Oleg Butovsky, Shane Liddelow, Markus Glatzel and Susanne Krasemann

APOE genotype and sex affect microglial interactions with plaques in Alzheimer’s disease mice

Microglia affect Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis in opposing manners, by protecting against amyloid accumulation in early phases of the disease and promoting neuropathology in advanced stages. Recent res...

Authors: T. L. Stephen, M. Cacciottolo, D. Balu, T. E. Morgan, M. J. LaDu, C. E. Finch and C. J. Pike

Replication of multiple system atrophy prions in primary astrocyte cultures from transgenic mice expressing human α-synuclein

Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) containing aggregated and hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein are the signature neuropathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Native α-synuclein can adopt a prion...

Authors: Zuzana Krejciova, George A. Carlson, Kurt Giles and Stanley B. Prusiner

Comparative analyses of the in vivo induction and transmission of α-synuclein pathology in transgenic mice by MSA brain lysate and recombinant α-synuclein fibrils

α-synuclein (αS) is the major component of several types of brain pathological inclusions that define neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. Central nervous system (CNS) inoculation studies using...

Authors: Jess-Karan S. Dhillon, Jorge A. Trejo-Lopez, Cara Riffe, Yona Levites, Amanda N. Sacino, David R. Borchelt, Anthony Y. Yachnis and Benoit I. Giasson

Endogenous mouse huntingtin is highly abundant in cranial nerve nuclei, co-aggregates to Abeta plaques and is induced in reactive astrocytes in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

Pathogenic variants of the huntingtin (HTT) protein and their aggregation have been investigated in great detail in brains of Huntington’s disease patients and HTT-transgenic animals. However, little is known ...

Authors: Maike Hartlage-Rübsamen, Veronika Ratz, Ulrike Zeitschel, Lukas Finzel, Lisa Machner, Janett Köppen, Anja Schulze, Hans-Ulrich Demuth, Stephan von Hörsten, Corinna Höfling and Steffen Roßner

H3F3A-G34R mutant high grade neuroepithelial neoplasms with glial and dysplastic ganglion cell components

The recently described malignant neuro-epithelial tumors with histone H3F3A point mutations at G34 (NET-H3-G34) occur most often in cerebral hemispheres of teenagers and young adults, and have a generally adverse...

Authors: Felipe Andreiuolo, Tomo Lisner, Jozef Zlocha, Christof Kramm, Arend Koch, Brigitte Bison, Albane Gareton, Marc Zanello, Andreas Waha, Pascale Varlet and Torsten Pietsch

Early neuronal accumulation of DNA double strand breaks in Alzheimer’s disease

The maintenance of genomic integrity is essential for normal cellular functions. However, it is difficult to maintain over a lifetime in postmitotic cells such as neurons, in which DNA damage increases with ag...

Authors: Niraj M. Shanbhag, Mark D. Evans, Wenjie Mao, Alissa L. Nana, William W. Seeley, Anthony Adame, Robert A. Rissman, Eliezer Masliah and Lennart Mucke