Fig. 2

Current mechanisms underlying immunotherapeutic approaches for gliomas. A Immunocheckpoints inhibitors (ICIs). Immunotherapy approach based on glioblastoma (GBM) expressed immunomodulatory co-receptor (immunocheckpoint)—T cell interaction blockade, thereby causing the inhibition of the immunosuppression. B CAR T cell. Autologous transplant with in vitro modified specific T cell against tumor neoantigens. C Cancer vaccines. Vaccines stimulating an adaptive immune system response. a. Peptide vaccine. Anti-tumor response activation by exogenously administrated peptides, which recognizes tumor-specific neoantigens. b. Activation of tumor immune response by synthesized nucleic acid sequence for a specific antigen. c. Cell-based vaccines. Autologous transplant of antigen-presenting cells loaded with tumor-specific antigen resulting in MHC-mediated T cell presentation, activating anti-tumor response. d. Oncoviral vaccines. Therapy based on virus high replication rate and their lytic capacity