Fig. 4

Variation with age and sex in oligodendroglia. a Beeswarm plots showing compositional differences with age in oligodendroglia, with red showing significantly more in “old” and blue, significantly more in “young”. Volcano plots showing differentially expressed genes between young and old in oligodendrocytes b and OPCs c. d–f There is increased EBF1 expression in OPC_A in older donors, shown by violin plot d, with RNAscope example of EBF1 (pink) in PDGFRA + OPCs (cyan) with Hoechst (blue) in old donor CSC e, and quantification of double-positive EBF1 & PDGFRA cells in validation dataset f (Linear model estimate of old age = 0.18, SE = 0.05, p < 0,001, N = 18 (see Addtional file 1: Table S2), 4 fields of view each, full model shown in Table 1; boxes visualize median and 25th and 75th percentiles and whiskers mark range up to 1.5 * inter-quartile ranges to mark potential outliers). g Compositional sex differences explored using Milo. Differentially expressed genes with sex in oligodendrocytes h and OPCs I (Gonosomal genes excluded, but shown in Additional file 1: Fig. S11)