Table 1 Markers used to identify astrocyte phenotypes

Non-specific astrocyte markers

GFAP

Cytoskeletal intermediate filament

Liddelow and Barres [75], Boulay et al. [12], Liddelow et al. [76]

S100β

Ca²⁺-binding protein

Liddelow et al. [76]

ALDH1L1

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

Serrano-Pozo et al. [108]

Neuroprotective reactive astrocyte markers

S100A10

Ca²⁺-binding protein

King et al. [58]

PSD95

Post-synaptic density protein

Singh et al. [112]

TGF-β

Growth factor

Xu et al. [135]

COX2

Cyclooxygenase

Hensel et al. [42]

GDNF

Neurotrophic factor

Wang et al. [129]

BDNF

Neurotrophic factor

Wang et al. [129]

Pro-inflammatory reactive astrocyte markers

C3

Complement component

Liddelow and Barres [75], Zamanian et al. [142], Wang et al. [129], Hou et al. [44]

C1r, C1s, C4

Complement components

Liddelow and Barres [75], Zamanian et al. [142]

Serpina3n

Peptidase inhibitor

Clarke et al. [21], Masvekar et al. [83], Singh et al. [112]

Serping1

Serine protease inhibitor

Fang et al. [31], Kim and Son [57]

ROS

Reactive oxygen species

Joshi et al. [52], Dragić et al. [28]

STAT3

Transcription factor

Zhang et al. [144]

TNF-α

Cytokine

Joshi et al. [52]

p50, p65

NF-κB Pathway

Xu et al. [135]

SRGN

Proteoglycan

Klemens et al. [60]

Lipocalin 2

Iron-sequestration

Wang et al. [129]

GBP2

Guanylate-binding protein

Ugalde et al. [126]

ACSL5

Acyl-CoA synthetase

Klemens et al. [60]

CLIC1

Cl⁻ channel

Masvekar et al. [83]

CXCL10

T cell chemoattractant

Clarke et al. [21], Kim and Son [57]

CINC-1, CINC-2

Neutrophil chemoattractant

Clarke et al. [21], Kim and Son [57]