Fig. 4

Segmentation of tumor in both datasets. The best prediction on Leuven dataset by T2WI (A) and CE-T1WI (A′) and TCIA dataset by T2WI (B) and CE-T1WI (B′). The worst prediction on Leuven dataset by T2WI (C) and CE-T1WI (C′) and TCIA dataset by T2WI (D) and CE-T1WI (D′). Ground truth and AI predicted segmentation are plotted in white and green respectively. Comparison of AI model performance between Leuven and TCIA datasets were finished by paired t tests on DSC, RV, HD and MSD (E–H). Performance of AI model after addition of different levels of Gaussian noise between Leuven and TCIA dataset (I). Data here are showed as mean ± standard error of mean. Abbreviations: DSC: Dice similarity coefficient; RV: relative ratio; HD: Hausdorff distance; MSD: mean surface distance; SNR: signal–noise ratio; ns: non-significant, **: < 0.01