Fig. 3

Segmentation of tumor-bearing brain in both datasets. The best and the worst prediction on Leuven dataset (A, C) and TCIA dataset (B, D) were shown. Ground truth and AI predicted segmentation were shown in T2WI MRI images in white and green respectively. Comparison of AI model performance between Leuven and TCIA datasets were finished by paired t tests on DSC, RV, HD and MSD (E–H). Performance of AI model after addition of different levels of Gaussian noise between Leuven and TCIA dataset were also shown (I). Data here are showed as mean ± standard error of mean. Abbreviations: DSC: Dice similarity coefficient; RV: relative ratio; HD: Hausdorff distance; MSD: mean surface distance; SNR: signal–noise ratio, ns: non-significant, *: < 0.05, ****: < 0.0001