Fig. 3

Dysregulated genes and biological processes in human temporal lobe epilepsy astrocyte, OPC and neuronal populations. (a) Differential expression analysis (TLE vs. TL) for each sorted cell type is represented by a volcano plot, depicting significantly upregulated (red) and downregulated (blue) genes in the epilepsy astrocyte, OPC, and neuronal populations. Functional enrichment analyses, performed using HOMER and DAVID (D) tools, depict top-enriched biological processes dysregulated in epilepsy, for each cell type (log₂ fold change < -1 for downregulated and > 1 for upregulated, Benjamini–Hochberg adjusted p-value < 0.1). See Additional file 4: Table S3, Additional file 5: Table S4 for complete list. (b) MA plot shows the relative expression of genes differentially up- and down-regulated in PAX6 + epilepsy astrocytes, marked by red and blue dots, respectively