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Fig. 5 | Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Fig. 5

From: Impact of gulf war toxic exposures after mild traumatic brain injury

Fig. 5

Evaluation of GW toxic exposure on microglial activation (Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1[Iba-1]) at 5 months after r-mTBI in the superficial layers of the cortex and Hippocampus. Healthy microglia with quiescent morphology were observed in sham vehicle animals. At 5-month post injury, only an injury effect was observed in the cortex when both Sex were combined between the Sham/GW and both r-mTBI groups (c, d, I, P < 0.05, Two-Way ANOVA-followed by Tukey post hoc comparisons). A three-Way ANOVA analysis revealed a Sex and Injury effect: F(1, 76) = 6.066 P=0.0160; F(1, 76) = 17.87, P < 0.0001; F(1, 76) = 0.2471 P=0.6206. In the hippocampus (CA1/CA3) only males from the Sham/V and r-mTBI/GW animals and female from the r-mTBI/GW showed a moderate microgliosis with variable degree of thickened cell processes and hypertrophic cell soma. e–h, j. When both sexes were combined, this effect was exacerbated with GW toxic exposure (J) (P < 0.05, Two-Way ANOVA-followed by Tukey post hoc comparisons). Three-Way ANOVA summary revealed an Injury and Exposure effect for the dataset: Sex F(1, 72) = 3.499, P = 0.0655; Injury F(1, 72) = 7.944 P=0.0062; Exposure F(1, 72) = 22.53 P < 0.0001. Data are presented as Whiskers: Min to Max. Show all points; symbol represents 1 mouse N = 10 per group per Sex)

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