Fig. 1

GBM CD105⁺ cell localization and specificity. A Schematic of clinical tissue collection. A total of 19 GBM border tissue samples were collected with guidance from the surgical navigation system. Each sample was split into two parts for different studies. B The landscape of CD105⁺ cells and cancer cells in GBM border tissue. Brain section containing the border between tumor and normal brain (pre-invasive niche) stained with CD105 showing the distribution of CD105⁺ cells. The border between tumor and peritumor area is identified by a difference in cell density (yellow line). High magnification images of tumor cells are shown using the markers CD105, SOX2 and Nestin. C Quantification of SOX2⁺ Nestin⁺ and CD105⁺ Nestin⁺ cells in tumor and peritumor tissue ** P < 0.01. D Evaluation of CD105⁺ cells in GBM in vivo models. Sections showing tumors at 25 days following intracranial injection of GL261 and U87 cells in mouse brains. Sections were stained with CD105 and Hu antibodies. Magnified images showing the border between tumor and brain. E Comparing the CD105 expression in 163 GBM samples from TCGA database and 207 normal brain samples from GTEx database *P < 0.05. F Overall survival correlated with CD105 RNA expression as analyzed from the data of 82 GBM patients in the TCGA database