Table 1 Defects of cholesterol metabolism in AD patients and AD models

Cholesterol synthesis

DHCR24/Seladin-1 (−)

Aβtreatment (C6, SH-SY5Y, N2A cells)

[14, 102, 135]

chronic oxidative stress (SH-SY5Y cells)

[70]

High glucose treatment (neuroepithelial cells, neurons)

[42, 61]

insulin deprivation (neurons)

[61]

diabetic rat (hippocampus, cerebral cortex)

[55, 61]

Astrocyte-Ribotag mice and APP/PS1mice (Aged astrocytes)

[15, 106]

AD patients (temporal lobe, hippocampus)

[45, 57, 152]

APP/PS1 mice (cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex,)

[57, 151]

Chronic hypoxia (hippocampus)

[88]

HMGCR (−)

Astrocyte-Ribotag mice and APP/PS1mice (Aged astrocytes)

[15, 106]

Diabetic rat/mouse (cerebral coretex, hypothalamus)

[124, 142]

AD patients (hippocampus)

[152]

SQLE (−)

Astrocyte-Ribotag mice and APP/PS1mice (Aged astrocytes)

[15, 106]

Diabetic mice (hypothalamus)

[142]

DHCR7 (−)

Astrocyte-Ribotag mice and APP/PS1mice (Aged astrocytes)

[15, 106]

diabetic mice (hypothalamus)

[142]

SREBF2 (−)

Aged cortical astrocytes

[107]

Diabetic rat/mouse (cerebral cortex, hypothalamus)

[124, 142]

Cholesterol trafficking

APOE (+)

Astrocyte-Ribotag mice (Aged astrocytes)

[15]

APOE4 knock-in mice

[48]

5xFAD mice

[110]

Diabetic rat (cerebral cortex)

[124]

APP/PS1 mice (hippocampus)

[151]

ABC transporters (ABCA1/G1/C1)(+)

Diabetic rat (cerebral cortex)

[124]

5xFAD mice

[110, 156]

APP/PS1 mice

[151]

NPC (−)

NPC-deficient cells

[60, 79]

LDLR (−)

LRP1-deficient neurons/LRP1 knock-out mice

[80]

Diabetic rat (cerebral cortex)

[124]

Cholesterol catabolism

CYP46A1 (−)

AD patients (entorhinal cortex)

[152]

Cholesterol deficiency (uncategorized)

AD patients (lipid rafts from frontal cortices and entorhinal cortex, temporal cortex)

[34, 101]

Aged mice (lipid rafts from neocortex)

[35]

APP/PS1 mice (lipid rafts from neocortex)

[35]

AD patients (CSF, temporal gyrus, white matter)

[68, 96, 123]

Aged human (frontal and temporal cortices)

[137, 143]

APOE mice (primary astrocyte)

[158]