Fig. 5

Activated/phagocytic microglia are present in lesion types with ongoing demyelination. a Heatmap depicting expression weighted gene set enrichment scores of cluster markers derived from the cuprizone experiment in the human MS dataset. Asterisks indicate significant enrichments (p < 0.05). b Fourway plot depicting gene signature of human Hs7 cluster compared to Hs5 cluster (x-axis) versus mouse Mm3 versus Mm1 cluster (y-axis). c Images of immunofluorescent staining for ASAH1 (orange, left; MS-4), LGALS1 (orange, right; Hs7), HLA-DR (magenta; Hs7), Hoechst (cyan; nuclei) and IBA1 (green; macrophages) in an active and inactive lesion. Scale bar is 25 μm (overview), and 10 μm (zoom). (d) Quantification of immunohistochemistry for HLA-DR, LGALS1 and ASAH1 in CTR donors and MS donors amongst 6 different lesion types in 3–11 donors per group. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001. Abbreviations: CWM = control white matter (CTR donor); NAWM = normal appearing white matter (MS donor); WML = white matter lesion (MS donor); NACT = normal appearing cortical tissue (MS donor); CAM = CNS-associated macrophages, PLWM = perilesional white matter