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Table 5 Estimated AD-associated volume loss (mm3 and %) in three age/AD stages in DS

From: Developmental deficits and staging of dynamics of age associated Alzheimer’s disease neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in subjects with Down syndrome

Structure/ subdivision

Volume loss in 43- to 49-y- old DS subjects, N = 4 (no signs or mild dementia)

Volume loss in 51-to 59-y-old DS subjects, N = 17 (prevalence of moderately severe dementia)

Volume lost in 61-to 72- y- old DS subjects, N = 8 (prevalence of severe dementia)

 

Volume- difference between 26–41 y and 43–49 y old

Volume loss (%)

p < 

Volume difference between 43–49 y and 51–59 y old

Volume loss (%)

p < 

Volume difference between 51–59 y and 61–72 y old

Volume loss (%)

p < 

Entorhinal cortex.—all layers

0.3

0.1

ns

181.8

29.7

0.0001***

67.6

11.0

0.036*

Entorhinal cortex—islands

5.9

18.3

ns

19.7

61.1

0.0001***

0.4

1.2

ns

CA1

73.6

22.1

0.009**

53.9

16.2

0.036*

56.0

16.8

0.005**

CA2

0.0

0.0

8.5

19.9

0.014*

2.4

5.6

ns

CA3

6.6

15.2

ns

4.5

10.4

ns

0.0

ns

CA4

11.5

17.6

0.045*

15.2

23.2

ns

Subiculum

15.4

9.8

0.022*

41.0

26.1

0.002**

21.7

13.8

0.036*

Amygdala

43.0

10.2

0.050*

67.6

16.1

0.005**

Thalamus

427.9

14.3

ns

101.1

3.3

ns

459.1

15.2

0.036*

Substantia nigra

27.1

21.4

0.0009***

10.6

8.3

0.035*

14.0

11.1

0.034*

MBC

36.5

23.6

0.009**

42.3

27.3

0.007 **

Caudate nucleus

575.3

25.3

ns

222.0

9.7

ns

0.0

ns

Cerebellar cortex: molecular and granule cells layer

1767.0

18.0

0.033*

93.3

0.9

ns

0.0

ns

Dentate nucleus

42.5

15.7

 

 

Cumulative volume loss in 43–49 y of age DS subjects: 2,953.1 mm3

Mean volume loss: 12.7%

 

Cumulative volume loss in 51–59 y of age DS subjects: 816.0 mm3

Mean volume loss: 15.7%

 

Cumulative volume loss in 61–72 y of age DS subjects: 746.3 mm3

Mean volume loss: 10.1%

 
  1. Structure-specific AD-associated volume loss (%) calculated in all three stages/age groups in reference to baseline volume in DS subjects 26–41 years of age (100%) who are affected by developmental deficits but not, or in limited range, by pre-AD pathology. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
  2. MBC = magnocellular basal complex
  3. Volume of the molecular and granule cells layer of the cerebellar cortex was measured to estimate total number of Purkinje cells dispersed in the border zone between these layers