Fig. 1

Longitudinal metabolite changes indicate tumor development and invasion. a The spectra of the last scans of the injected (inj) and the non-injected contralateral side (contra) are displayed, labeled for main metabolites and their changes (indicated by arrows). The corresponding MRIs b are annotated for patient origin (P) of the xenografts (X), and mouse number (m). The histology c shows the invasive growth patterns of the corresponding representative xenografts, with close-up for characteristic areas (squares). Of note, XP14 displays migration of GBM cells across the corpus callosum and scattered infiltrated cells on the contralateral side. The human GBM cells are visualized by immunostaining against human specific nucleolin (hNCL), P53, MIB-1, or EGFR. d The longitudinal measurements of the metabolite profiles of all mice were analyzed together using STATIS. The metabolite profiles are displayed for all mice by patient against time from injection (days). Each point is a measurement of an individual mouse, identified by a specific symbol as indicated, and corresponds to the respective coordinate of the metabolite profile on the first axis of the STATIS compromise. The 21 metabolites of the profiles are represented on the first axis of STATIS as indicated in panel (E). Metabolite profiles are indicated in blue for the injected, and in pink for the contralateral side for each PDOX-series. The temporal trends are visualized by loess regression. The colors of the metabolites e correspond to their major function as indicated (energy metabolism, red; myelination, yellow; macromolecules, black; neurotransmission, green; anti-oxidation & osmoregulation, blue). Abbreviations: N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocholine (PCho), glucose (Glc), glycine (Gly), myo-inositol (Ins), creatine (Cr), phosphocreatine (PCr), lactate (Lac), glutathione (GSH), taurine (Tau), alanine (Ala), aspartate (Asp), ascorbate (Asc), phosphorylethanolamine (PE), acetate (Ace), gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), macromolecules (Mac)