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Fig. 4 | Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Fig. 4

From: Mouse closed head traumatic brain injury replicates the histological tau pathology pattern of human disease: characterization of a novel model and systematic review of the literature

Fig. 4

Progression of cortical neuronal loss and glial activation after repetitive traumatic brain injury (rTBI). (a) Cortical neuronal loss after rTBI as shown by NeuN staining. (b) Astroglial activation at 4 weeks as indicated by (a) the presence of numerous hypertrophied GFAP stained astrocytes (inset) and (c) a significant increase in GFAP staining signal. Decrease in astroglial activation at 24 weeks after rTBI as shown by reduced cell hypertrophy (inset in (a)) and attenuated GFAP staining (c). Microglial activation was observed at 4 weeks as indicated by the presence of numerous bipolar/rod shaped Iba-1 stained microglia (inset in (a)) and significantly increased in Iba-1 stained area (d). Normalization of microglial activation at 24 weeks after rTBI as noted by increased ramification of Iba-1 stained cells (inset in (a)) and similar Iba-1 staining intensity as compared to sham operated mice (d). Each bar corresponds to one cortical field of view (FOV) arranged from left, contralateral (contra), to right, ipsilateral (ipsi). Data are shown as mean (+ SD). n = 8 (sham, 1 week and 4 week post rTBI, each) and n = 4 (24 week post rTBI) mice. Analyses are based on three coronal sections (corresponding to s1–s3 in Fig. 1). *P < 0.05. All analyses were done using one-way ANOVA on Ranks with post-hoc Dunn's

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