Fig. 5

rTMS reduces activation of astrocytes in the 5xFAD brains. a Representative images of GFAP staining in the mPFC. Scale bar: 100 μm. b Quantitative analyses of the fluorescence intensity (normalized to the area of region-of-interest) of GFAP staining in the mPFC across groups (n = 8–10 mice per group). c Representative images of GFAP staining in different subregions of the dorsal hippocampus. Scale bar: 100 μm. d Quantitative analyses of the fluorescence intensity (normalized to the area of region-of-interest) of GFAP staining in different subregions of the hippocampus across groups (n = 8–11 mice per group). e Representative images of GFAP staining in the S1 cortex. Scale bar: 150 μm. f Quantitative analyses of the fluorescence intensity (normalized to the area of region-of-interest) of GFAP staining in the S1 cortex across groups (n = 8–11 mice per group). All data are presented as mean ± SEM of the fold change of the WT-Ctrl group and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. WT-Ctrl: wildtype littermates received sham treatment, AD-Ctrl: 5xFAD mice received sham treatment, AD-rTMS: 5xFAD mice received rTMS treatment. mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, DG: dentate gyrus, CA3: cornu ammonis 3, CA1: cornu ammonis 1, S1: primary sensory cortex