Fig. 3

Reduced deterioration in the drainage efficiency of glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics in the 5xFAD mice treated with rTMS. a Left: Schematic of the injection of 10 kDa Dextran-Alexa Fluor 647 tracer into cisterna magna (i.c.m.) and timeline of perfusion. Right: Representative images of tracer (red) distribution and DAPI staining (blue) in the wildtype brain parenchyma. Coronal positions of the brain sections shown on the top corresponds to the tracer staining results below. Scale bar: 100 μm. b The atlas of the brain coronal section containing mPFC, and the representative images of the tracer (red) in the mPFC of different groups. Scale bar: 200 μm. c Quantitative analyses of the fluorescence intensity of the tracer in the mPFC across groups. (n = 8–12 mice per group). d Left: the schematic diagram of dura mater, with dotted red line bordering the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) area as well as the transverse sinus (TS) area chosen for image analyses. Right: the representative images of Lyve1 staining (green) and the tracer (red) in the SSS and TS of the dura mater. Scale bar: 450 μm. e Quantitative analyses of the fluorescence intensity of the tracer and Lyve1 staining in the dura mater (SSS + TS areas) across groups (n = 7–10 mice per group). f Representative images of the tracer (red) and DAPI (blue) in the deep cervical lymph nodes (dCLN). Scale bar: 150 μm. g Quantitative analyses of the fluorescence intensity of the tracer in the dCLN across groups (n = 10–11 mice per group). All data are presented as mean ± SEM of the fold change of the WT-Ctrl group and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. WT-Ctrl: wildtype littermates received sham treatment, AD-Ctrl: 5xFAD mice received sham treatment, AD-rTMS: 5xFAD mice received rTMS treatment