Fig. 1

rTMS prevents the loss of long-term memories of 5xFAD mice for novel objects and locations. a The experimental timeline of rTMS treatment, behavioral tests, injection of 10kD Dextran tracer into the cisterna magna (i.c.m.), and perfusion. b Schematic of the novel object recognition task. A and B indicates different objects. c Representative heatmaps of animals’ paths during the test session of the novel object recognition task. d The discrimination index (DI%) and the total time spent on exploring both objects (total exploration time) during the training and the test sessions in the novel object recognition task (n = 10–11 mice per group). e Schematic of the novel object location task. Both Cs are identical objects. f Representative heatmaps of animals’ paths during the test session of the novel object location task. g The discrimination index (DI%) and the total time spent on exploring both objects (total exploration time) during the training and the test sessions in the novel object location task (n = 10–11 mice per group). All data are presented as mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. WT-Ctrl: wildtype littermates received sham treatment, AD-Ctrl: 5xFAD mice received sham treatment, AD-rTMS: 5xFAD mice received rTMS treatment