Fig. 2
GLP-1R is increased in the hippocampus of AD brains and in microglia exposed to Aβ1-42. a, b Relative GLP-1R mRNA expression in the hippocampus from the brain of a AD patients (n = 6 per group) and b 5xFAD mice (7-month-old; n = 7 per group). c Representative confocal images with GLP-1R (red) and DAPI (blue) in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice (scale bars, 20 μm) and quantification of the GLP-1R immunostaining (n = 4 per group). d Representative confocal images of immunostaining with GLP-1R (red), MAP2 (green; upper), GFAP (green; middle), Iba-1 (green; lower), and DAPI (blue) in the hippocampus from 3xTg-AD mice (12-month-old; n = 3) (scale bar, 50 μm). e Primary astrocytes, microglia, and neurons were incubated with oligomeric Aβ1-42 (1 μM) for 4 h. The levels of GLP-1R (exposed to a short or long time), GFAP, Iba-1, Tuj1, and β-actin were determined using Western blot. Quantification of GLP-1R is shown as relative protein expression normalized to β-actin (n = 3 biologically independent cell cultures). Data are shown as the mean \(\pm \) SEM. p values were determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test or one-way ANOVA. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 versus WT or astrocyte + PBS; **p < 0.01 versus microglia + PBS