Fig. 1

Head kinematic during mTBI. a Head motion was tracked by high-speed videography using two markers. b The pictures indicate the head position during impact filmed at frames F1, F2 and F3. F0 is a frame of the mouse’s head before impact. The mouse head shows flexion right after impact (frame F1 in a and mark 1 in graph f), and then shows slight extension (frame F2 in a and mark 2 in graph f), followed by a slight flexion (frame F3 in a and mark 3 in c-e and f–h, respectively. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Standard deviation was presented as shadow. Bar = 10 μm