From: Perspective of mesenchymal transformation in glioblastoma
Category | Name | Identified Mode of Actions | Potent Inhibitor(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Master transcriptional regulators | STAT3 | Normally operate opposing signals (neurogenesis versus gliogenesis) combined expression is linked to the mesenchymal signature | YM155/AZD1480/ ruxolitinib | |
C/EBPβ | N/A | |||
TAZ | TAZ–TEAD interaction / cooperates with PDGF-B | Verteporfin | ||
Other proteins | S100A4 | Regulates SNAIL2, ZEB1 and the mesenchymal signature genes | N/A | [21] |
Prosaposin | TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway | LY2109761 (TGF‐β1 inhibitor) | [58] | |
Sortilin | (GSK-3β)/β-catenin/Twist signaling axis | AF38469 | [172] | |
BIRC3 | Induced by hypoxia | N/A | [157] | |
FoxM1 | Activation loop of ADAM17/EGFR/GSK3β | TAPI-2 | [179] | |
Nrf2 | Positive feedback loop between SQSTM1/p62 and Nrf2 | N/A | [118] | |
PBX3 | Activation of MEK/ERK1/2 | N/A | [167] | |
FOXO1 | Regulates mesenchymal marker proteins (N-cadherin, Vimentin, CD44, and YKL‐40) | AS1842856 (type 2 diabetes mellitus) | [97] | |
SIN3a (hepatic insulin sensitivity) | [68] | |||
Enzymes | ST3GAL1 | TGFβ signaling pathways | SB431542 (TGFβ inhibitor) | [20] |
AL10 (lung cancer) | [18] | |||
TGM2 | Regulates C/EBPβ expression directly by polymerization of GADD153 via NF-κB activation | GK921 | [174] | |
microRNAs | miR-23a | miR-23a/HOXD10 axis | N/A | [168] |
miR-10b | HOXD10/NOTCH1/TP53/PAX6 axis | N/A | [74] | |
miR-504 | Negatively regulates FZD7-mediated Wnt–β-catenin pathway | N/A | [76] | |
miR-128a/miR-504 | Negatively regulates expression of mesenchymal markers (YKL-40, CD44, and Vimentin) | N/A | [82] |