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Table 1 A list of molecules identified to contribute to the establishment of the mesenchymal signature in GBM

From: Perspective of mesenchymal transformation in glioblastoma

Category

Name

Identified Mode of Actions

Potent Inhibitor(s)

References

Master transcriptional regulators

STAT3

Normally operate opposing signals (neurogenesis versus gliogenesis) combined expression is linked to the mesenchymal signature

YM155/AZD1480/ ruxolitinib

[16, 70, 184]

 

C/EBPβ

N/A

 
 

TAZ

TAZ–TEAD interaction / cooperates with PDGF-B

Verteporfin

[10, 156]

Other proteins

S100A4

Regulates SNAIL2, ZEB1 and the mesenchymal signature genes

N/A

[21]

 

Prosaposin

TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway

LY2109761 (TGF‐β1 inhibitor)

[58]

 

Sortilin

(GSK-3β)/β-catenin/Twist signaling axis

AF38469

[172]

 

BIRC3

Induced by hypoxia

N/A

[157]

 

FoxM1

Activation loop of ADAM17/EGFR/GSK3β

TAPI-2

[179]

 

Nrf2

Positive feedback loop between SQSTM1/p62 and Nrf2

N/A

[118]

 

PBX3

Activation of MEK/ERK1/2

N/A

[167]

 

FOXO1

Regulates mesenchymal marker proteins (N-cadherin, Vimentin, CD44, and YKL‐40)

AS1842856 (type 2 diabetes mellitus)

[97]

 

SIN3a (hepatic insulin sensitivity)

[68]

Enzymes

ST3GAL1

TGFβ signaling pathways

SB431542 (TGFβ inhibitor)

[20]

 

AL10 (lung cancer)

[18]

 

TGM2

Regulates C/EBPβ expression directly by polymerization of GADD153 via NF-κB activation

GK921

[174]

microRNAs

miR-23a

miR-23a/HOXD10 axis

N/A

[168]

 

miR-10b

HOXD10/NOTCH1/TP53/PAX6 axis

N/A

[74]

 

miR-504

Negatively regulates FZD7-mediated Wnt–β-catenin pathway

N/A

[76]

 

miR-128a/miR-504

Negatively regulates expression of mesenchymal markers (YKL-40, CD44, and Vimentin)

N/A

[82]