Fig. 1

Neurotoxic Aβ25–35 peptide triggered irregular Ca²⁺ rises in primary astrocytes. a, b Aβ-triggered Ca²⁺ transients in primary cultures of mouse cortical astrocytes, imaged with the chemical Ca²⁺ indicator OGB-1 AM. Subplasmalemmal Ca²⁺-dependent fluorescence changes were selectively imaged by TIRFM. c Dose–response of the Aβ25–35 effect. The strength of Ca²⁺ signals was evaluated by their temporal integral over the same recording period (n = 8–13 astrocytes per condition). d Lck-GCaMP3 was expressed on the inner side of the astrocytic plasma membrane. Below, representative TIRFM image. e Astrocytic Ca²⁺ signals evoked by 0.2 µM and 6 µM Aβ25–35, respectively. Each trace denotes the response from a single cell. f Dose-responses curve of astrocyte Ca²⁺ response to Aβ peptide (n = 7–12 per condition). Scale bars, 10 µm