Fig. 3
Local immune alterations in the brain 7 days after TBI and antibiotic induced gut microbial dysbiosis. a Experimental design. Graphs depict b Richness index and c Shannon diversity index from injured mice. Genera with a frequency > 3% annotated, mean values are plotted ± SEM, unpaired t-test, *** p < 0.001, n = 6 per group. d Gating strategy of CD3+ cells in the brain. e–j Quantification of cell absolute numbers in the hippocampi, amygdalae, and cortices. Mean values are plotted ± SEM, two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons. F statistic for antibiotic*injury presented unless otherwise noted (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001), n = 7–8 per group. e leukocytes (CD45), F(1,24) = 7.28, p = 0.013; f CD3 T cells (CD11b−CD3+), F(1,24) = 12.02, p = 0.002; g CD4 T cells (CD11b−CD3+CD4+), F(1,24) = 19.51, p = 0.0002; h CD8 T cells (CD11b−CD3+CD8+), F(1,24) = 9.541, p = 0.0053; i DN T cells (CD11b−CD3+CD4−CD8−), Finjury (1,24) = 12.11, p = 0.0019; and, j T reg cells (CD11b−CD4+CD25+), Finjury (1,22) = 6.725, p = 0.017, Fantibiotic (1,22) = 5.228, p = 0.032. k Representative 10X images (top panel, scale bars are 100 µm) and 40X (bottom panel, scale bars are 20 µm) for CD3 + staining in the ipsilateral hippocampi (as indicated by black arrows). Abbreviations: VNAM, vancomycin, neomycin-sulfate, ampicillin and metronidazole; CCI, controlled cortical impact. Hip: hippocampus; Amy, amygdala; Cx, cortex